1820 United Kingdom general election explained

Election Name:1820 United Kingdom general election
Country:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1818 United Kingdom general election
Previous Year:1818
Previous Mps:List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1818
Next Election:1826 United Kingdom general election
Next Year:1826
Majority Seats:330
Elected Mps:List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1820
Leader1:Earl of Liverpool
Leader Since1:8 June 1812
Party1:Pittite
Seats1:341
Leader2:Earl Grey
Leader Since2:
Party2:Whigs (British political party)
Seats2:215
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister after election
Before Election:Earl of Liverpool
Before Party:Pittite
After Election:Earl of Liverpool
After Party:Pittite
Map2 Image:1820 UK parliament.svg
Map2 Size:380px
Map2 Caption:The UK parliament after the 1820 election

The 1820 United Kingdom general election was triggered by the death of King George III and produced the first parliament of the reign of his successor, King George IV. It was held shortly after the Radical War in Scotland and the Cato Street Conspiracy. In this atmosphere, the Tories under the Earl of Liverpool were able to win a substantial majority over the Whigs.

The sixth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 February 1820. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 21 April 1820, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament before its term expired.

Political situation

The Tory leader was the Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since his predecessor's assassination in 1812. Liverpool had led his party to two general election victories before that of 1820. The Tory Leader of the House of Commons was Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.

The Whig Party continued to suffer from weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons.

At the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. It was likely that Grey would have been invited to form a government, had the Whigs come to power, although in this era the monarch rather than the governing party decided which individual would be Prime Minister.

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, George Tierney, was successful at first after the Whig gains at the 1818 general election. However, on 18 May 1819, Tierney moved a motion in the House of Commons for a committee on the state of the nation. This motion was defeated by 357 to 178. Foord comments that "this defeat put an effective end to Tierney's leadership". However he continued to be the nominal leader at the time of the 1820 election.

Dates of election

At this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days. It was triggered by the death of King George III.

The general election took place between the first contest on 6 March and the last contest on 14 April 1820.

Summary of the constituencies

Monmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.

Table 1: Constituencies and MPs, by type and country

CountryBCCCUCTotal CBMPCMPUMPTotal MPs
202402243404784486
13120261314027
15300451530045
333216635641100
26311433804671765658

Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country

CountryBCx1BCx2BCx4CCx1CCx2UCx1UCx2Total C
4196203902243
13001210026
15003000045
31200321066
631982427212380

See also

References