1784 in science explained

The year 1784 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy

• September 10 – Edward Pigott identifies the variable star Eta Aquilae from York, England.
• October 19 – John Goodricke begins his observations of the variable star Delta Cephei from York.

Biology

• Publication of the Annals of Agriculture edited by Arthur Young begins in Great Britain.
• Peter Simon Pallas begins publication of Flora Rossica, the first Flora of Russia.

Chemistry

• L'Abbé René Just Haüy states the geometrical law of crystallization.^[1]
• Antoine Lavoisier pioneers stoichiometry.
• Citric acid is first isolated by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallizes it from lemon juice.^{[2] [3]}
• Cholesterol is isolated.

History of science

• Publication of David Bourgeois' Recherches sur l'art de voler, depuis la plus haute antiquité jusque'a ce jour in Paris, the earliest work on the history of flight.

Mathematics

• Carl Friedrich Gauss, at the age of seven, pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing 1:n as (n(n+1))/2.

Medicine

• 11 February – Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland chartered.
• 12 March — Appointment of the French Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (the Commission's Report was presented to King Louis XVI on 11 August 1784).
• Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery in France, retires.
• Benjamin Franklin makes the first known specific reference (in a letter) to the wearing of bifocal spectacles.^[4]
• John Hunter first describes the condition phlebitis.

Paleontology

• The first description of a Pterodactylus fossil is made by Cosimo Alessandro Collini, although he is unable to determine what kind of creature it is.^{[5] [6] [7]}

Physics

• January 15 – Henry Cavendish's paper to the Royal Society of London, Experiments on Air, reveals the composition of water.^[8]
• Jean-Paul Marat publishes Notions élémentaires d'optique (Elementary Notions of Optics)

Surveying

• William Roy measures the baseline for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) linking the observatories of Paris and Greenwich. The measurement is accurate to within a few inches in a distance of over 280,000 ft., an unprecedented accuracy for this time. Roy is awarded the Copley Medal in the following year.^[9]

Technology

• April 28 – James Watt receives a British patent for his parallel motion and other improvements to the steam engine.^[10]
• June 4 – Élisabeth Thible becomes the first woman passenger in a hot-air balloon, at Lyon, France.^[11]
• August 21 – Joseph Bramah receives his first lock patent in London.
• Rev. Dr. Edmund Cartwright designs his first power loom in England.
• Henry Cort of Funtley, England, applies the coal-fired reverbatory furnace to the puddling process for conversion of cast to wrought iron.^[12]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Edward Waring^[13]

Births

• March 12 – William Buckland, English geologist and paleontologist (died 1856)
• June 3 – William Yarrell, English zoologist and bookseller (died 1856)
• June 17 – Andrew Crosse, English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity (died 1855)
• July 22 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician (died 1846)
• September 1 – Thomas Frederick Colby, English cartographer (died 1852)

Deaths

• May 12 – Abraham Trembley, Genevan naturalist (born 1710)
• September 1 – Jean-François Séguier, French astronomer and botanist (born 1703)
• September 4 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (born 1714)

Notes and References

1. Book: Haüy, René Just. Essai d'une théorie sur la structure des crystaux. Paris. Gogué. 1784.
2. Scheele. Carl Wilhelm. Anmärkning om Citron-saft, samt sätt at crystallisera densamma. Kungliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar [New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science]. 1784. 5. 105–109. 2nd series. Note about lemon juice, as well as ways to crystallize it. sv.
3. Book: Graham, Thomas. Elements of chemistry, including the applications of the science in the arts. 2010-06-04. 1842. Hippolyte Baillière. London. 944.
4. Web site: The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?. The College of Optometrists. 2011-06-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20110613044912/http://www.college-optometrists.org/en/knowledge-centre/museyeum/online_exhibitions/artgallery/bifocals.cfm. 13 June 2011.
5. Collini. C. A.. 1784. Sur quelques Zoolithes du Cabinet d'Histoire naturelle de S.A.S.E. Palatine & de Bavière, à Mannheim. Acta Theodoro-Palatinae Mannheim 5 Pars Physica. 58–103.
6. 10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002. Taquet. P.. Padian. K.. 2004. The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3. 2. 157–175.
7. Book: Unwin, David M.. The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. 2006. Pi Press. New York. 0-13-146308-X.
8. Experiments on Air. 106582. Henry. Cavendish. 1784. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 75. 372–384. 10.1098/rstl.1785.0023. free.
9. 1785. Roy. William. An Account of the Measurement of a Base on Hounslow-Heath. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 75. 385–480. 10.1098/rstl.1785.0024. free.
10. No. 1432.
11. Gazette d'Amsterdam 25 June 1784; Journal des sçavans November 1784 pp. 760-762.
12. Book: Gales, W. K. V.. Ironworking. Princes Risborough. Shire. 1981. 0-85263-546-X. 8.
13. Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopedia Britannica . 21 July 2020 . en.