1781 in Great Britain explained

Events from the year 1781 in Great Britain.

Incumbents

• Monarch – George III
• Prime Minister – Frederick North, Lord North (Tory)^[1]

Events

• 1 January – Industrial Revolution: The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn.^[2]
• 3 February – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Capture of Sint Eustatius – British forces led by General John Vaughan and Admiral George Rodney take the Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius, with only a few shots fired. On 26 November it is retaken by Dutch-allied French forces.
• 5 January – American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia, is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
• 6 January – Battle of Jersey: British troops prevent the French from occupying Jersey in the Channel Islands.
• 17 January – American Revolutionary War: the American Continental Army under Daniel Morgan decisively defeats British forces at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina.^[3]
• January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister, enters Parliament, aged 21.
• 3 February – American Revolutionary War and Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: The Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius (which has been supplying the United States) surrenders to Admiral Rodney.^[2]

• 28 February – foundation of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.^[4]
• 13 March – Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.^[3] Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III.
• 15 March – American Revolutionary War: American General Nathanael Greene loses the Battle of Guilford Court House to British.^[3]
• 1 July – Second Anglo-Mysore War: at the Battle of Porto Novo, the British defeat the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali.^[2]
• 6 July – American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Green Spring, the British led by Lord Cornwallis defeat the French led by the Marquis de Lafayette.^[2]
• 27 July – French spy François Henri de la Motte executed at Tyburn (London) for high treason.
• 30 August – American Revolutionary War: French fleet under the Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.
• 5 September – American Revolutionary War: in the Battle of the Chesapeake, a British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the Siege of Yorktown.^[2]
• 6 September – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Groton Heights – a British force under Benedict Arnold attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut, achieving a strategic victory.
• 19 October – American Revolutionary War: following the Siege of Yorktown, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolutionary War.^[2]
• 29 November
  • Zong massacre: English slave traders begin to throw approximately 142 slaves taken on in Accra overboard alive from the slave ship Zong in the Caribbean Sea to conserve supplies for the remainder; the Liverpool owners subsequently attempt to reclaim part of their value from insurers.^[5]
  • Henry Hurle officially founds the Ancient Order of Druids in London.
• 3 December – first known building society established, in Birmingham.^[6]
• 12 December – American Revolutionary War: Second Battle of Ushant – the Royal Navy, commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt in, decisively defeats the French fleet in the Bay of Biscay.
• Last year in which the monarch participates in a regular peacetime meeting of the Cabinet.^[7]

Publications

• Peter Beckford's Thoughts on Hunting.
• Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volumes 2 and 3.^[2]
• John Wood, the Younger's pattern book A Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer.
• The collection of children's poetry Mother Goose's Melody.^[8]

Births

• 21 February – Bulkeley Bandinel, scholar-librarian (died 1861)
• 29 May – John Walker, inventor (died 1859)
• 9 June – George Stephenson, locomotive engineer (died 1848)
• 6 July – Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore (died 1826)
• 8 July – Tom Cribb, bare-knuckle boxer (died 1848)
• 14 September – James Walker, Scottish civil engineer (died 1862)
• 3 November – Sarah Elizabeth Utterson, translator and author (died 1851)
• 6 November – Lucy Aikin, English writer (died 1864)
• 30 November – Alexander Berry, adventurer and Australian pioneer (died 1873)
• 11 December – Sir David Brewster, physicist (died 1868)

Deaths

• 12 January – Richard Challoner, Catholic prelate (born 1691)
• 21 February – Matchem, racehorse (born 1748)
• 24 February – Edward Capell, critic (born 1713)
• 19 April – Elizabeth Raffald, cookery writer and entrepreneur (born 1733)
• 23 April – James Abercrombie, general (born 1706)
• 8 May – Richard Jago, poet (born 1715)
• 17 May – William Aislabie, politician (born 1700)
• 28 September – William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, diplomat and statesman (born 1717)
• 16 October – Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, naval officer (born 1705)

See also

• 1781 in Wales

Notes and References

1. Web site: History of Lord Frederick North - GOV.UK . www.gov.uk . 1 July 2023 . en.
2. Book: Williams, Hywel. Cassell's Chronology of World History. registration. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005. 0-304-35730-8. 333–334.
3. Book: Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 0-14-102715-0. 2006.
4. Web site: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society . Manchester Lit and Phil . 18 October 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090428094249/http://www.manlitphil.co.uk/2.html . 28 April 2009 .
5. Web site: BBC History British History Timeline. 3 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070909012414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml. 9 September 2007 .
6. Book: Baren, Maurice. How It All Began Up the High Street. London. Michael O'Mara Books. 1996. 1-85479-667-4. 58.
7. Web site: Queen set to attend cabinet meeting in Downing Street. BBC News. 18 December 2012. 18 December 2012.
8. Book: Driscoll, Michael. Hamilton, Meredith. Coons, Marie. A Child's Introduction to Poetry. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. New York. 2003. 10. 1-57912-282-5. 26 January 2011.