1769 in Great Britain explained

Events from the year 1769 in Great Britain. This year sees several key events in the Industrial Revolution.

Incumbents

• Monarch – George III
• Prime Minister – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (Whig)^[1]

Events

• 21 January – first of the Letters of Junius, criticising the government, appears in the Public Advertiser.^[2]
• February - April – John Wilkes is expelled from Parliament three times.
• 23 March – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, the Prime Minister, and his wife, Anne, are divorced; on 24 June the Duke remarries.
• 8 April – the Theatre Royal, York, reopens under this title having been granted a Royal Patent.^[3] (The manager, Tate Wilkinson, also obtains a patent for his theatre in Hull.)
• 13 April – first voyage of James Cook: James Cook arrives in Tahiti on the ship HM Bark Endeavour, preparing to observe the transit of the planet Venus, which takes place on 3 June.^[4] After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth.
• 25 April - 27 May – first Royal Academy summer exhibition held.
• 29 April – James Watt is granted a British patent for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines" – the separate condenser,^[5] a key improvement (first devised by Watt in 1765) which stimulates the Industrial Revolution.^[2]
• 3 & 29 May – Eclipse runs his first races, giving rise to the phrase "Eclipse first and the rest nowhere."
• 13 June – Josiah Wedgwood opens his Etruria Works for the manufacture of pottery.
• 28 June – The Morning Chronicle newspaper begins publication in London.
• 3 July – Richard Arkwright patents a spinning frame able to weave fabric mechanically.^[6]
• 5 - 7 September – actor-manager David Garrick stages a Shakespeare Jubilee festival in Stratford-upon-Avon, disrupted by rain and with no performances of Shakespeare's works.^[7]
• 7 October – James Cook reaches New Zealand.^[2]
• 19 November – Blackfriars Bridge across the River Thames in London opens to traffic.^[8]

Undated

• Gordon's London dry gin first produced.^[9]
• Elizabeth Raffald's cookery book The Experienced English Housekeeper, published in Manchester, contains a recipe for "Bride Cake" covered in marzipan and royal icing that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake^[10] and the earliest printed recipe for crumpet.
• Work on Syon House, Middlesex, to the design of Robert Adam, ceases.^[11]
• Approximate date – Britannia metal is first produced, in Sheffield.^[12]

Publications

• Authorized King James Version of the Bible in the Oxford standard text edited by Benjamin Blayney.
• Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage first published as The New Peerage.^[6]
• William Robertson's The History of the Reign of Charles V.^[13]

Births

• 1 January – Jane Marcet, science writer (died 1858)
• 6 January – Lord Charles Townshend, Member of Parliament (died 1796)
• 2 March – Walter Fawkes, writer and Member of Parliament (died 1825)
• 4 March – Ellen Sharples, painter (died 1849)
• 23 March – William Smith, geologist and cartographer (died 1839)
• 3 April – Josiah Wedgwood II, Member of Parliament (died 1843)
• 5 April – Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, naval officer (died 1839)
• 13 April – Thomas Lawrence, painter (died 1830)
• 14 April – William Rae, Member of Parliament (died 1842)
• 1 May – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, general and Prime Minister (died 1852)
• 2 May – John Malcolm, soldier, statesman and historian (died 1833)
• 21 May – John Hookham Frere, diplomat and author (died 1846)
• 18 June – Viscount Castlereagh, statesman, diplomat and soldier (suicide 1822)
• 14 August – Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore, noble (died 1793)
• 10 September – Charles Bullen, admiral (died 1853)
• 19 September – George Raper, naval officer and illustrator (died 1797)
• 28 September – John Jackson, boxer (died 1845)
• 6 October – Isaac Brock, general and administrator (died 1812)
• 23 October – James Ward, painter and engraver (died 1859)
• 7 November – William Sturges Bourne, politician (died 1845)
• 12 November – Amelia Opie, author (died 1853)
• 13 December – James Scarlett Abinger, judge (died 1844)
• 23 December
  • William Henry Clinton, general (died 1846)
  • Martin Archer Shee, portrait painter (died 1850)
• date unknown
  • Maria Bland, singer (died 1838)
  • James Dadford, English canal engineer (year of death unknown)
  • Charles Ewart, Scottish soldier (died 1846)
  • Francis Gore, officer and colonial administrator (died 1852)
  • Robert Hetrick, Scottish poet (died 1849)

Deaths

• 25 February – Henry Flitcroft, architect (born 1697)
• 2 August – Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea, politician (born 1689)
• 19 August – Matthew Brettingham, architect (born 1699)
• 29 August – Edmond Hoyle, game expert (born 1672)

See also

• 1769 in Wales

Notes and References

1. Web site: History of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton - GOV.UK . www.gov.uk . 25 June 2023 . en.
2. Book: Palmer. Alan. Palmer. Veronica. 1992. The Chronology of British History. Century Ltd. London. 224–225. 0-7126-5616-2.
3. Web site: Theatre Royal – Tate Wilkinson as Manager . York Guides . 2011-02-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120226000718/https://www.yorkguides.co.uk/theatre-royal-history/tatewilkinsonasmanager.html . 2012-02-26 .
4. Web site: Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 13 April 1769. 2007-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20070920062657/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17690413.html. 20 September 2007.
5. Patent 913; specification accepted January 5.
6. Book: Williams, Hywel. Cassell's Chronology of World History. registration. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005. 0-304-35730-8. 325.
7. Book: Pierce, Patricia. The Great Shakespeare Fraud: the Strange, True Story of William-Henry Ireland. registration. Stroud. Sutton Publishing. 2004. 0-7509-3393-3.
8. Book: Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 0-14-102715-0. 2006.
9. Web site: Gordon's Gin. 2010-11-15.
10. Wilson. Carol. Wedding Cake: A Slice of History. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 2005. 5. 2. 69–72. 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.69. 10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.69.
11. Book: Field, D. M.. The World's Greatest Architecture Past & Present. 207.
12. Book: The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia. 2002. 15th.
13. Book: Birley, Robert. Robert Birley

    . Robert Birley. Sunk without Trace: some forgotten masterpieces reconsidered. registration. London. Rupert Hart-Davis. 1962.