1765 in Canada explained

Events from the year 1765 in Canada.

Incumbents

George III[1]

Governors

James Murray

Montague Wilmot

Hugh Palliser

Events

Births

Deaths

Historical documents

Huge territories won in Seven Years War will ruin Britain with depopulation and trade rivalry (Note: "savages" used)[4]

Thomas Pownall says good policy means faithful and just alliance with Indigenous people, and dropping "that idle, useless claim of dominion" over them[5]

Long list of First Nations (from Atlantic to Mississippi) by name and "the Numbers of their fighting men"[6]

Indigenous parents seldom chastise children because they are either too young to understand or too old to be dominated[7]

"Revered among them in many transactions" - Nature and use of wampum, calumet and tomahawk by Indigenous people[8]

Despite its northern location, Quebec is "a healthy, fruitful, and pleasant country," with St. Lawrence River providing "an extended sea-coast"[9]

Gov. James Murray describes difficulty ruling Quebec given hostility among military, magistrates and merchants in Montreal[10]

London merchants trading to Quebec petition Board of Trade on harmful effects of soldier violence and Gov. Murray's ordinances (Note: poor copy)[11]

Notice of available land grants includes description of Quebec's fertility and productivity, and even its beneficial frost and snow[12]

With end of hostilities with those "who lately appeared in Arms," any subject may take out Indigenous trade licence under Royal Proclamation[13]

VIPs from England touring British colonies benefit from meeting Indigenous people, who demonstrate sagacity and intelligence (Note: "savage" used)[14]

"Maricitte Indians [are] reduced to the lowest Ebb of Misery" by Canadians taking beaver on their Temiscouata-Madawaska-Rivière du Loup lands[15]

Quebec governor's gardener solicits all with knowledge of botanicals, including those used in Indigenous medicines, paints and dyes[16]

Chaplain of Quebec recommends inoculation as "happiest Preservative" against smallpox, it being safe, effective, and "approv'd at Rome"[17]

School is opening to give instruction in "Arithmetic vulgar and decimal, the Extraction and Use of the Square and cube Roots, Mensuration" etc.[18]

Montreal fire of May 18 destroys one-fourth (one-third by value) of city of 7,000, leaving 215 families homeless[19]

"Fair to the eye [and] grateful to the taste" - Profile of Nova Scotia includes description of cod processing[20]

With "water sufficient for any ship that swims," Halifax Harbour has Royal Navy's chief American facility for careening and other maintenance[21]

Protestant missionaries in Nova Scotia speak English, French, Mi'kmaw and German (Note: "savages" used)[22]

Servants who desert their employers are liable to work twice length of their absence, unless they can prove they were abused[23]

Nova Scotian describes Stamp Act unrest in Boston and calm in Halifax[24]

French presence on St. Pierre and Miquelon draws Acadians and Mi'kmaq and warships to undermine British fishery and take Newfoundland[25]

Ship-based fishery, source of seamen for wartime, "is now wholly dropt and excluded by Encroachers and Monopolizers" in Newfoundland[26]

"If the English would be more honest, we should be more generous" - Haudenosaunee tell William Johnson they are cheated of their lands[27]

Traveller says Pontiac and other Indigenous leaders love French for their kind and generous ways, and British will need long time to gain such respect[28]

"[Almost] no part of North America[...]better worth settling, improving, and defending" - Great future foreseen for Great Lakes lands[29]

Recommendation that half-dozen Great Lakes forts, especially ones at Detroit and on Niagara River, be for protecting and wintering British traders[30]

Alexander Henry buys £1,250 in goods at Michilimackinac on 12 months credit and loads them into 4 canoes for exclusive trade on Lake Superior[31]

Frederick Haldimand to move to Canada all St. John's Island Acadians, who will be allowed to take cattle and one firelock, powder and shot per family[32]

"Advantages[...]would be derived from laying open this trade" - Reasons to end Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly[33]

Scottish Jacobite writer has ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm discuss their final, fatal and flawed campaigns in Seven Years War[34]

Benjamin Franklin has some anonymous newspaper fun, relating Canadians' preparations for whaling and cod fishing in upper Great Lakes[35]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kings and Queens of Canada . aem . 24 February 2021 . 11 August 2017.
  2. News: Kalbfleisch . John . 15 May 2017 . From the archives: Montreal's great fire of 1765 . The Montreal Gazette . 16 December 2023.
  3. Book: The Case of the Canadians diftreffed by fire at Montreal . 1765.
  4. Cato, Thoughts on a Question of Importance Proposed to the Public (1765). Accessed 15 January 2021
  5. https://archive.org/details/cihm_40778/page/n217/mode/1up "After what has been explained"
  6. https://archive.org/details/historicalaccoun00smit_1/page/69/mode/1up "Appendix IV; Names of different Indian Nations(....)"
  7. Robert Rogers, "Indeed the mothers" A Concise Account of North America (1765), pgs. 210-11. Accessed 28 April 2022
  8. Robert Rogers, "Customs, Manners, &c. of the Indians," A Concise Account of North America (1765), pgs. 222-26 Accessed 28 April 2022
  9. Robert Rogers, "The Province of Quebec," A Concise Account of North America (1765), pg. 30. Accessed 28 April 2022
  10. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_KzqIHf8ly5LVdaRk9OTnE5NmM/view "(Copy of) Governor Murray's Letter, March 2 1765 to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations,"
  11. "To the Right Honorable Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 55 (July 4, 1765), 2nd pg. Accessed 27 April 2022
  12. "A Proclamation," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 38 (March 7, 1765), 2nd-3rd pgs. Accessed 22 April 2022
  13. "A Proclamation," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 33 (January 31, 1765), 1st pg. Accessed 22 April 2022
  14. "Quebec, August 8," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 60 (August 8, 1765), 2nd pg. Accessed 27 April 2022
  15. Petition at Secretary's Office (January 19, 1765), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 32 (January 24, 1765), 2nd pg. Accessed 22 April 2022
  16. "Advertisements; This is to inform all Persons that live in the Country," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 62 (August 22, 1765), 2nd pg. Accessed 27 April 2022
  17. J. Brooke, "To Messrs. the Printers" (April 9, 1765), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 43 (April 11, 1765), 2nd pg. Accessed 26 April 2022
  18. "This is to give Notice to the Publick," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 63 (August 29, 1765), 3rd pg. Accessed 27 April 2022
  19. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.38252/6?r=0&s=1 "The Case of the Canadians at Montreal Distressed by Fire; Second Edition."
  20. Robert Rogers, "Acadia, or Nova Scotia," A Concise Account of North America (1765), pgs. 20–22. Accessed 14 January 2021
  21. Robert Rogers, "Acadia, or Nova Scotia," A Concise Account of North America (1765), pg. 18. Accessed 28 April 2022
  22. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.37342/53?r=0&s=1 "An Abstract of the Charter, and of the Proceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, from the 15th Day of February, 1765, to the 21st Day of February, 1766; Nova Scotia,"
  23. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_08182_11/17?r=0&s=1 "An Act for Regulating Servants"
  24. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/collections/6a466274-0656-4f28-92f3-641772644195 Archibald Hinshelwood to Joshua Mauger, August 19, 1765
  25. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.18730/49 "Extract of a Letter from St. John's, Newfoundland, October 28, 1765"
  26. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.60919/5?r=0&s=2 "Copy of Governor Pallisser's (sic) Remarks on the present state and Management of the Newfoundland Fishery; dated 18th December, 1765,"
  27. https://archives.novascotia.ca/mikmaq/archives/?ID=24&Page=201606307&Transcript=2 "Extract from the Minutes at a Conference with the Six Nations and Delawares at Johnson Hall"
  28. "Croghan to Sir William Johnson" (November 1765), Early Western Travels; 1748-1846 (1904), pgs. 170-3 (PDF pgs. 160-3). Access 10 November 2021
  29. Robert Rogers, "The River St. Lawrence," A Concise Account of North America (1765), pg. 182 Accessed 27 April 2022
  30. Harry Gordon, "A Memorial concerning the back Forts in N America" (December 17, 1765), Military Affairs in North America; 1748-1765 (1936), pgs. 464-9. Accessed 27 April 2022
  31. Alexander Henry, "The exclusive trade of Lake Superior" (1765), Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories[....] (1809), pg. 192. Accessed 22 April 2022
  32. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEII&Page=352 "Governor Wilmot to Captain Williams"
  33. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.32429/317?r=0&s=1 "Chap. XXIX; Hudson's Bay(....),"
  34. Attributed to Chevalier Johnstone ("supposed to have been written about the year 1765"), "A Dialogue in Hades; A Parallel of Military Errors, of Which The French and English Armies Were Guilty, During the Campaign of 1759, in Canada" (Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1887). Accessed 14 January 2021
  35. (Benjamin Franklin), "'A Traveller': News-Writers' Nonsense" (May 1765), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 27 April 2022

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