1744 in Canada explained

Events from the year 1744 in Canada.

Incumbents

Louis XV[1]

George II[2]

Governors

Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois

Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial

Paul Mascarene

Thomas Smith

Events

Births

Full date unknown

Historical documents

Alerting Fort Albany to war with France, Hudson's Bay Company orders readying of men and arms and getting "Trading Indians" to patrol daily[4]

Louisbourg francophone man obtains Council warrant to capture chief and other "Chickinakady Indians" he says murdered crew of British ship[5]

Council meets with Saint John River Indigenous leaders who have heard rumours of British-French war and seek (and get) assurances of peace[6]

Duvivier's force of 900 regular troops and militia from Île-Royale takes Canso from its 80-man garrison on May 13 and burns settlement[7]

"Breaking the French measures;[...]timely Succours receiv'd [and] our French refusing to take up arms against us" halts Annapolis attack[8]

Nova Scotia Council reports that in June and August attacks, local Acadians helped enemy "while we were entirely Deserted by them"[9]

Word from Île-Royale is that 23 British fishing and commercial ships have been taken by large schooner and five other French privateers[10]

New York governor George Clinton tells Assembly he has increased defences (including Six Nations scouts) at Oswego, Saratoga and Albany[11]

In July and August, Boston privateer takes French ships on "great banks," plus other French fishers on northeast coast of Newfoundland[12]

Privateer brings in to Boston three French ships, including one carrying to Canada wine, brandy, iron and dry goods worth £8-9,000[13]

Under flag of truce, three vessels arrive at Boston from Île-Royale with 350 British prisoners taken from Canso and "sundry Vessels, &c."[14]

French abhor inhumanity of privateers who took New York ship by firing after it surrendered, including one "chew'd" musket ball[15]

New Hampshire privateer with Île-Royale prizes is attacked by "Indians on Cape Sables," and later by canoes (driven off by swivel guns)[16]

Report of arrival of 70-gun and three other French warships plus 18 armed merchant ships at Île-Royale with arms for Quebec-built warship[17]

Duvivier orders Minas Acadians to supply horses, handlers and gunpowder, and to pledge loyalty to French king (Note: "savages" used)[18]

Nova Scotia commander Mascarene reports skirmish and tactical issues (including Indigenous fighters' "sculking way of fighting")[19]

Acadians ask French not to take their meagre harvest and to withdraw, citing "mild" government they live under (Note: "savages" used)[20]

In October, captured French privateer's crew is found to include "Irish Roman-catholick soldiers formerly of" Canso regiment[21]

Nova Scotia Council allows commandeering of vessel and equipment to counter "great body of Indians" threatening from Minas and Chignecto[22]

Massachusetts declares war on French-allied Indigenous peoples in November, and sets bounties for scalps of men, women and children[23]

Mascarene says loyal as well as disloyal Acadians "must unavoidably share in the trouble that military people generally bring with them"[24]

Mascarene praises daughter of former seigneur for her loyalty, but will not defend property of her disloyal family (Note: "savages" used)[25]

Council hears of Cobequid Acadians' loyalty and non-participation "in the last troubles " (except when forced to assist)[26]

Annapolis River Acadians told loyalty includes supplying non-combatant personnel, no matter their fear of Indigenous people's "resentment"[27]

Map: lands surrounding Gulf of St. Lawrence and lower St. Lawrence River[28]

Dominique Nafréchoux of Montreal signs deed of emancipation for his slave Dominique-François Mentor to take effect on his death[29]

Joseph Robson wonders what keeps Hudson's Bay Company from competing with French upriver, and then finds it hard going up Nelson River[30]

Minister to Kanien’kéhà:ka reports having to calm them after "our restless Enemies the French" spread rumour of British attack[31]

New Hampshire proclamation summons volunteers for expedition against Cape Breton Island (Île-Royale)[32]

Soldier's widow and step-mother of his children has to ask Council's permission to sell his property, as "none Other would Accept of that Office"[33]

"There is a satisfaction even, in giving way to Grief" - On duty in Belgium, young James Wolfe writes home about his soldier brother's death[34]

Notes and References

  1. Guéganic (2008), p. 13.
  2. Web site: 30 December 2015 . George I . 18 April 2016 . Official web site of the British monarchy.
  3. Web site: Brooks . Rebecca Beatrice . History of King George’s War . 24 May 2024 . History of Massachusetts Blog.
  4. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_02954/55?r=0&s=3 Letter to Fort Albany
  5. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=44 Nova Scotia Council meeting
  6. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=46 "A Conference Held at Annapolis Royal"
  7. William Douglass, "War was declared" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America (1755), pg. 318. Accessed 1 October 2021 (For details of Canso attack, see "By a Person who was Master of a Vessel lately taken by the French at Canso")
  8. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=140 Mascarene's long, detailed account of war at Annapolis
  9. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=80 "Representation of the State of His Majesties Province of Nova Scotia(...)
  10. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-07-02/ed-1/seq-2/ "Boston"
  11. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-07-23/ed-1/seq-1/ "Speech of His Excellency"
  12. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44156/363?r=0&s=1 "End of July"
  13. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-08-20/ed-1/seq-3/ "Boston"
  14. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-10-01/ed-1/seq-2/ "Boston September 20th"
  15. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-10-01/ed-1/seq-3/ "Capt. Samuel Richards in a Sloop from New-York"
  16. https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84024358/1744-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/ "Boston"
  17. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20114/12?r=0&s=1 "letter from Philadelphia"
  18. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=134 "M. Du Vivier's order to the inhabitants of Mines, Piziquid, River Canard, and Cobequid"
  19. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=133 "Gov. Mascarene to Lords of Trade"
  20. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=135 "To M. De Ganne, Knight, Captain of infantry commanding(....)"
  21. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44156/364?r=0&s=1 "In October"
  22. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=51 Council meeting
  23. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44156/343?r=0&s=1 "As the Cape-Sable and St. John's Indians"
  24. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=137 "Governor Mascarene to Deputies of Mines, Piziquid, and River Canard"
  25. https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=136 "Govr. Mascarene to Frances Belleisle Robishau"
  26. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=52 Council meeting
  27. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=53 Council meetings
  28. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, "A New Chart of the Coast of New England, Nova Scotia, New France or Canada, with the Islands of Newfoundland Cape Breton St. John's Etc." (1744-1775), McCord Museum. Accessed 6 October 2021
  29. https://www.historymuseum.ca/teachers-zone/women-of-new-france/marie-marguerite-rose/deed-of-emancipation-of-a-black-slave-1744 "Deed of Emancipation of a Black Slave, 1744"
  30. Joseph Robson, "The French settlements" An Account of Six Years Residence in Hudson's-Bay (1752), pgs. 18-19, 21-2. Accessed 1 October 2021
  31. https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.17919/49?r=0&s=1 "While the Tribe of the Mohock Indians"
  32. "By His Excellency Benning Wentworth[...]A Proclamation" (1744?) https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.60314/1?r=0&s=1 (this document is reproduced in segments, beginning here)
  33. https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=41 "Copy Minute of Council on Wednesday March 7th, 1743/4"
  34. Letter of James Wolfe (October 29, 1744), General Wolfe's Letters to His Parents. Accessed 7 October 2021 https://collections.library.utoronto.ca/view/wolfe:F7025 (swipe to F7025_0069_L014_01)