1740 papal conclave explained

Month:February–August
Year:1740
Dates:18 February – 17 August 1740
Location:Apostolic Palace, Papal States
Dean:Pietro Ottoboni, Tommaso Ruffo
Subdean:Tommaso Ruffo, Lodovico Picco della Mirandola
Camerlengo:Annibale Albani
Protopriest:Armand-Gaston de Rohan-Soubise
Protodeacon:Lorenzo Altieri
Pope Elected:Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
Nametaken:Benedict XIV
Prevconclave Year:1730
Prevconclave Link:1730 papal conclave
Nextconclave Year:1758
Nextconclave Link:1758 papal conclave

The 1740 papal conclave (18 February – 17 August), convoked after the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, was one of the longest conclaves since the 13th century.

The initial favourite to succeed as pope, the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740), Dean of the College of Cardinals, died shortly after the beginning of the conclave, and cardinals loyal to the House of Bourbon repeatedly proposed Pompeo Aldrovandi, but eventually had to accept that he could not secure two-thirds of the votes.

After six months, other possible candidates had also failed, and Cardinal Prospero Lambertini, Archbishop of Bologna, who had been a cardinal since 9 December 1726, was elected. He took the name Benedict XIV.

The conclave

The conclave began on 18 February 1740, following the funeral of Clement XII, and lasted for six months.

At the outset, only thirty-two Cardinals entered into the conclave, in which there was an expectation that the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740), a Cardinal for more than fifty years and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, would be chosen to succeed Clement XII. However, opposition to Ottoboni was raised because of his protective relationship with France. After a few days he was taken seriously ill, left the conclave on 25 February, and died on 29 February.[1] Ottoboni's place as Dean was taken by Tommaso Ruffo, vice-dean of the Sacred College.[2]

As more cardinals arrived in Rome and entered into the conclave, a group of the French formed an alliance with the Austrians and with the Spanish cardinals from Naples and Tuscany. The cardinals loyal to the Bourbons proposed the name of Pompeo Aldrovandi, but he fell just short of securing the two-thirds majority required. For forty days, his nomination was voted on unsuccessfully before it became clear he could not be elected.[3]

There was considerable and lengthy confusion, with a series of names advanced, all of whom failed to find the necessary level of support. After long deliberation, Cardinal Lambertini, a canon lawyer, was proposed as a compromise candidate, and he is reported to have said to the College of Cardinals "If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me".[4] [5] This appears to have assisted his cause, which also benefited from his reputation for deep learning, gentleness, wisdom, and conciliation in policy.[6]

The election of Benedict XIV

In the words of one historian, the College of Cardinals was

On 17 August in the evening, Lambertini was elected Pope, receiving the ballots of more than the required two-thirds of the fifty-one Cardinals present. Lambertini accepted his election and took the name of Benedict XIV in honour of his friend and patron Pope Benedict XIII.[6] It had been one of the longer conclaves, though far from the longest. Benedict was crowned a few days later in the loggia of the Vatican Basilica.

Other witnesses

Giovanni Angelo Braschi, later Pope Pius VI, attended the conclave while still a layman as assistant to Cardinal Ruffo.[7]

The young Horace Walpole, who was in Rome at the time, attempted to attend the coronation but gave up because he found the waiting interminable. He wrote to his friend and cousin Conway "I am sorry to have lost the sight of the Pope's coronation, but I might have staid for seeing it till I had been old enough to be Pope myself."[8]

List of participants

Of the sixty-eight cardinals living at the death of Pope Clement XII, four died during the sede vacante and fifty-one took part in the final ballot.:[9]

List of cardinals absent

Fourteen cardinals were absent throughout the conclave:[9]

Sources

Notes and References

  1. http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/benedictxiv/biography.html Biography of Benedict XIV
  2. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1706.htm#Ruffo RUFFO, Tommaso (1663–1753)
  3. [Horace Walpole]
  4. Matthew Bunson, The pope encyclopedia: an A to Z of the Holy See (1995), p. 45
  5. Michael J. Walsh, Pocket Dictionary of Popes (2006) p. 21
  6. Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, Canon law: I. Introduction to the study of canon law, book 1 (1934), p. 401
  7. Jeffrey Collins, Papacy and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Rome: Pius VI and the Arts (Cambridge University Press, 2004,), pp. 9–10
  8. Horace Walpole, The letters of Horace Walpole, earl of Oxford vol. 1 (Henry G. Bohn, 1861), p. 53
  9. Salvador Miranda, List of participants of the papal conclave of 1740 .
  10. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1689.htm#Ottoboni OTTOBONI, Pietro (1667–1740)
  11. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1724.htm#Altieri ALTIERI, iuniore, Giambattista (1673–1740)
  12. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1712.htm#Cunha CUNHA E ATAÍDE, Nuno da (1664–1750)
  13. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1713.htm#Erba ERBA-ODESCALCHI, Benedetto (1679–1740)
  14. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1719.htm#Potier POTIER DE GESVRES, Léon (1656–1744)
  15. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1727.htm#Mota MOTA E SILVA, João da (1685–1747)
  16. http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1735-ii.htm#Borbon BORBÓN Y FARNESIO, Luis Antonio Jaime de (1727–1785)

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