1695 Explained
Events
January–March
- January 7 (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife King William III and Queen Mary II comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1689 after King James II was deposed by Willem during the "Glorious Revolution".
- January 14 (January 4 O.S.) – The Royal Navy warship HMS Nonsuch is captured near England's Isles of Scilly by the 48-gun French privateer Le Francois. Nonsuch is then sold to the French Navy and renamed Le Sans Pareil.[1] [2]
- January 24 – Milan's Court Theater is destroyed in a fire.
- January 27 – A flotilla of six Royal Navy warships under the command of Commodore James Killegrew aboard HMS Plymouth captures two French warships, the Content and the Trident, the day after the French ships had mistaken the English fleet to be a group of merchant ships to attack.
- February 6 – Mustafa II (1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle, Ahmed II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- March 5 – The funeral of Queen Mary II of England takes place, accompanied by music written for the occasion by Henry Purcell.
- March 10 – Almost all French Army soldiers in a column of 1,300 troops, commanded by Brigadier General Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, are killed or captured in the Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas against a smaller Spanish Empire force led by Ramon de Sala i Saçala during the War of the Grand Alliance.
- March 7 – John Trevor, Speaker of the English House of Commons, is expelled from the House by vote of the members, after being found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 pounds sterling from the City of London Corporation.
- March 14 – Paul Foley is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor.
- March 26 – John Hungerford is expelled from the English House of Commons when members vote to find him guilty of accepting a bribe in return for using his committee chairmanship to promote the pending Orphans Bill.
April–June
- April 17 – The House of Commons of England decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643, and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made".[3] The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103.[4] [5]
- April 22 – Sürmeli Ali Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29.
- April 27 – Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700): Russia begins the Azov campaigns (1695–96) against the Ottoman Empire, with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the Don River.[6]
- May 18 – The 7.8 magnitude Linfen earthquake in Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty kills over 50,000 people.
- June 11 – An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across South America.
- June 24 – The Commission of Enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland in 1692 reports to the Parliament of England, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".
July–September
- July 12 – The Siege of Namur begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).
- July 15 – The siege of the Ottoman fortress at Azaq by the Russian Army begins, but is unsuccessful and is discontinued after October 2 (September 22 O.S.).[7] [6]
- July 17 – The Bank of Scotland is founded.
- August 8 – The Wren Building is started in Williamsburg, Virginia (completed in 1700).
- August 13–15 – Nine Years' War: Brussels is bombarded by French troops.
- September 1 – Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur, Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King William III of England, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur.[8]
- September 7 – English pirate Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history, with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
- September 24 – All but eight of the remaining 305 crew of the Royal Navy ship are killed when the ship founders in the Florida Keys. According to the ship's logbook, an epidemic of yellow fever began on August 1 and had killed 45 people before the hurricane struck, and left all but seven crew members too ill to walk.[9] [10]
October–December
- October 11 – King William III of England dissolves Parliament in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons John Trevor and other Tory MPs.
- October 25 – The 48-gun English Navy ship HMS Berkeley Castle is captured by the French Navy.
- November 22 – The new Parliament, with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III. Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents.
- December 6 – A total eclipse of the sun is visible across the Middle East and western Asia.
- December 31 – A window tax is imposed in England.[8] Some windows are bricked up to avoid it.
Date unknown
- English manufacturers call for an embargo on Indian cloth, and silk weavers picket the House of Commons of England.
- A £2 fine is imposed for swearing in England.
- After 23 years of construction, Spain completes Castillo de San Marcos to protect St. Augustine, Florida, from foreign threats.
- After many years of construction, the Potala Palace in Lhasa is completed.
- Gold is discovered in Brazil.
- Johanne Nielsdatter is executed for witchcraft, the last such confirmed execution in Norway.
- In Amsterdam, the bank Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn. floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the Holy Roman Emperor. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the Dutch Republic, and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.
- A large unidentified tropical volcanic eruption causes colder temperatures, crop failure, food shortage and mortality in north-western Europe.
- The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the "seven ill years" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.
Births
January–March
- January 2 – Sir Robert Cotton, 3rd Baronet, British politician (d. 1748)
- January 6 – Giuseppe Sammartini, Italian composer and oboist (d. 1750)
- January 9 – Ferdinand Ashmall, British clergy (d. 1798)
- January 18 – Paul Bécart de Granville et de Fonville, French colonial officer (d. 1754)
- January 25
- January 26 – José Quer y Martínez, Spanish botanist (d. 1764)
- January 27 – Anne Howard, Countess of Effingham, British countess (d. 1774)
- February 2
- February 6 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Russian mathematician (d. 1726)
- February 10 – Armand Jules de Rohan-Guéméné, French archbishop (d. 1762)
- February 11
- February 13 – Francesco Maria Della Rovere, politician (d. 1768)
- February 14 – Joseph Anton Glantschnigg, painter of German origin (d. 1755)
- February 16 – Philippe-Claude de Montboissier de Beaufort, French politician (d. 1765)
- February 21 – Anthony Grey, Earl of Harold, English noble (d. 1723)
- March 2 – Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, German music publisher (d. 1777)
- March 3 – María Anna Águeda de San Ignacio, Mexican writer (d. 1756)
- March 4 – Marie Huber, Genevan writer and theologian (d. 1753)
- March 9 – Martín Sarmiento, Spanish scholar and writer (d. 1772)
- March 10 – Adrien Manglard, French painter and engraver (d. 1760)
- March 12 – Mihael Summa, Albanian clergyman and auxiliary bishop (d. 1777)
- March 13 – Daniel Overbeek, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1751)
- March 15
- March 16
- March 19
- March 20 – Toki Yoritoshi, Daimyo in the Tokugawa shogunate (d. 1744)
- March 27 – Johann Philipp Anton von Franckenstein, German priest (d. 1753)
April–June
- April 8 – Johann Christian Günther, German poet (d. 1723)
- April 14 – Pietro Guarneri, Italian luthier (d. 1762)
- April 16 – Christoph Jacob Trew, German physician and botanist (d. 1769)
- April 17 – Ludovico Valenti, Italian cardinal (d. 1763)
- April 19
- May 1 – Pierre Saint-Sevin, French composer (d. 1768)
- May 2 – Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni, French architect and painter (d. 1766)
- May 3
- May 6 – Isaac Wilkinson, English businessman (d. 1784)
- May 7
- May 8 – John Lee, British politician (d. 1761)
- May 16 – Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny, French intendant (d. 1760)
- May 22 – Anna Folkema, Engraver from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1768)
- May 27 – Miguel Cabrera, Mexican painter (d. 1768)
- May 28 – Alexander Leslie, 5th Earl of Leven, British politician (d. 1754)
- June 3 – Francis Wise, Keeper of the archive at the University of Oxford (d. 1767)
- June 5 – Johann Conrad Schlaun, German architect (d. 1773)
- June 6 – Adriaan Valckenier, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1737-1741) (d. 1751)
- June 14 – Johann Friedrich Walther, German teacher, organist and draughtsman (d. 1776)
- June 17 – Henri-Michel Guedier de Saint-Aubin, French theologist (d. 1741)
- June 21
- June 23 – Louise Anne de Bourbon, French princess, the daughter of Louis III de Bourbon (d. 1758)
- June 24 – Martin van Meytens, Austrian artist (d. 1770)
- June 28 – Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, German poet (d. 1760)
July–September
- July 2
- July 6 – Giovanni Francesco II Brignole Sale, Italian politician (d. 1760)
- July 17
- July 18 – Boris Grigoryevich Yusupov, Russian politician (d. 1759)
- July 21 – Thomas Archer, 1st Baron Archer, British politician (d. 1768)
- July 28 – Yunlu, prince Zhuang of the First Rank (d. 1767)
- July 30 – Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes, French noble (d. 1758)
- August 1 – John Rutherford, Scottish physician (d. 1779)
- August 3 – Antonio Cocchi, Italian physician and naturalist (d. 1758)
- August 9 – Andreas Murray, Swedish priest (d. 1771)
- August 10 – Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, British politician (d. 1770)
- August 11 – Michelangelo Unterberger, Austrian painter (d. 1758)
- August 14 – Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł, Lithuanian–Polish noble (d. 1715)
- August 17 – Gustaf Lundberg, Swedish rococo painter (d. 1786)
- August 20 – Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1719)
- August 26 – Marie-Anne-Catherine Quinault, French opera singer and composer (d. 1791)
- August 31 – Maximilian, Prince of Hornes, prince (d. 1763)
- September 3 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian Baroque composer and violinist (d. 1764)
- September 5 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish count, politician and art collector (d. 1770)
- September 6 – Charles Pole, British businessman and politician (d. 1779)
- September 7 – François Hus, French comedian (d. 1774)
- September 10 – Johann Lorenz Bach, German composer (d. 1773)
- September 15 – Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux, Genevan agronomist (d. 1781)
- September 21 – Ferdinando Colonna of Stigliano, 2nd Prince of Sonnino (d. 1775)
- September 22 – Mathias Chardon, French historian (d. 1771)
- September 27 – Anders Anton von Stiernman, Swedish historian (d. 1765)
October–December
- October 5 – John Glas, Scottish theologian (d. 1773)
- October 23 – François de Cuvilliés, Bavarian architect (d. 1768)
- October 31 – Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont, French soldier (d. 1761)
- November 1 – Pablo Maroni, Austrian missionary (d. 1757)
- November 4
- November 9 – Theodosia Bligh, 10th Baroness Clifton, English peer, born Theodosia Hyde (d. 1722)
- November 10 – John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (d. 1771)
- November 17 – Barthold Douma van Burmania, Dutch diplomat (d. 1766)
- December 1 – Francesco Saverio Quadrio, Italian scholar (d. 1756)
- December 2 – Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, Polish bishop (d. 1758)
- December 11 – Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat, jurist (d. 1754)
- December 12 – Michael Christoph Hanow, German historian and scientist (d. 1773)
- December 15 – Benigna Marie of Reuss-Ebersdorf, German noblewoman and author of hymns (d. 1751)
- December 18 – David Nitschmann der Bischof, bishop (d. 1772)
- December 19
- December 22 – Rebecca Kellogg Ashley, captive of Native Americans (d. 1757)
- December 26 – Johann Caspar Bachofen, Swiss composer (d. 1755)
- December 29 – Jean-Baptiste Pater, French painter (d. 1736)
- date unknown – Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, Swedish salonnière (d. 1745)
- Cai Wan, politically influential Chinese poet (d. 1755)
Deaths
January–March
- January 4 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, Marshal of France (b. 1628)
- January 6 – Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1641)
- January 11 – Nizel Rivers, Member of Parliament of England (b. 1614)
- January 16 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (b. 1646)
- January 26 – Johann Jakob Wepfer, Swiss pathologist (b. 1620)
- January 27 – Francesco Nasini, Italian painter (b. 1611)
- January 29
- February 6 – Ahmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695 (b. 1643)
- February 11
- February 14 – Georg von Derfflinger, field marshal in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia (b. 1606)
- February 18 – Sir William Phips, First royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1651)
- February 24 – Johann Ambrosius Bach, German musician, father to Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1645)
- March 4 – Philip Sherard, English politician (b. 1623)
- March 5 – Henry Wharton, English writer (b. 1664)
- March 6 – Everhard Jabach, German private banker (b. 1618)
- March 12 – Cristoval Royas de Spinola, Spanish bishop and diplomat (b. 1626)
- March 15 – Rutger von Langerfeld, Dutch painter and architect (b. 1635)
- March 23 – Adam Perelle, French draughtsman and painter (b. 1640)
- March 25 – Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł, margravine consort of Brandenburg (b. 1667)
- March 26
- March 28 – William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry, British politician (b. 1637)
- March 30 – Anselm Franz von Ingelheim, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1634)
April–June
- April 3 – Melchior d'Hondecoeter, painter and engraver from the Northern Netherlands (b. 1636)
- April 5 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (b. 1633)
- April 6 – Richard Busby, English clergyman (b. 1606)
- April 12 – Jean-Baptiste Corneille, French historical painter, etcher, and engraver (b. 1649)
- April 13
- April 15
- April 17
- Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican nun, writer, philosopher, composer and poet (b. 1648)
- Henri Testelin, French painter (b. 1616)
- April 20 – Georg Caspar Wecker, German composer (b. 1632)
- April 23
- April 27 – John Trenchard, English politician (b. 1649)
- April 29 – Jan Karol Dolski, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1637)
- April 30 – Ikegusuku Anken, sanshikan of Ryukyu (b. 1635)
- May 1 – Goeku Chōsei, sanshikan of Ryukyu (b. 1621)
- May 5 – Daniel Brevint, Jersey writer and clergyman (b. 1616)
- May 9 – Lambert van Haven, Danish-Norwegian architect (b. 1630)
- May 15 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer (b. 1643)
- May 17 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
- May 24 – Matsudaira Yorishige, daimyo of the early Edo period; 1st lord of Takamatsu (b. 1622)
- May 29
- May 30
- June 3 – Philip Aranda, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1642)
- June 7 – Elias Rudolph Camerarius Sr., German physician (b. 1641)
- June 11 – André Félibien, French architect (b. 1619)
- June 15 – Jean Dieu de Saint-Jean, French painter (b. 1654)
- June 27 – Prince Christian of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1675)
- June 29 – Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet, politician (b. 1667)
July–September
- July 8 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician and physicist who developed the wave theory of light (b. 1629)
- July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1634)
- July 23 – Charles Philip of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Titular Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (b. 1673)
- August 2
- August 6
- August 8 – Carel de Vogelaer, Dutch still life painter (b. 1653)
- August 9 – Paulus de Roo, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1658)
- August 12 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, writer, and soldier (b. 1610)
- August 19
- August 20 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist, prophet and doctor (b. 1627)
- August 24 – Enkū, Japanese sculptor and monk (b. 1632)
- August 25 – John Waddon, English politician (b. 1649)
- September – Thomas Tew, English pirate
- September 2 – Giovanni Battista Gentile, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1658)
- September 15 – Giacomo de Angelis, Catholic cardinal (b. 1610)
- September 17 – Henry Newcome, English nonconformist preacher (b. 1627)
- September 22 – George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret, English baron (b. 1667)
- September 23 – Karl II von Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, Prince-Bishop of Olomouc (b. 1623)
October–December
- October 6 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, last Administrator of Ratzeburg (b. 1633)
- October 10 – Tommaso de Rosa, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Policastro and Bishop of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi e Bisaccia (b. 1621)
- October 13 – Ephrem de Nevers, French missionary (b. 1603)
- October 16 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, member of England's House of Lords (b. 1626)
- October 17 – Arthur Rawdon, Irish botanist and politician (b. 1662)
- October 19 – Johann Wilhelm Baier, German theologian (b. 1647)
- October 21
- October 29 – Barrington Bourchier, Member of Parliament (b. 1627)
- November 3 – Charles Hutchinson, English politician (b. 1636)
- November 8 – Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer (b. 1637)
- November 10 – Charles Legardeur de Tilly (b. 1616)
- November 13 – William Byron, 3rd Baron Byron, British Baron (b. 1636)
- November 16 – Pierre Nicole, French Jansensist (b. 1625)
- November 19 – Sir John Guise, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1650)
- November 20 – Zumbi, Brazilian leader of a runaway slave colony (b. 1655)
- November 21 – Henry Purcell, English composer (b. 1659)
- November 22 – Francis Nurse, husband of Rebecca Nurse, (accused during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692), (b. 1618)
- November 28
- November 29 – James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (b. 1619)
- November 30 – Giacomo Cantelli, Italian cartographer (b. 1643)
- December 7 – Giuseppe Spinucci, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1617)
- December 8
- December 10 – Leonard Bilson, English Member of Parliament (b. 1616)
- December 12 – Jacob Abendana, British rabbi (b. 1630)
- December 14 – William Bond, Speaker of the Massachusetts Province House (b. 1625)
- December 15 – Richard Hampden, English politician; (b. 1631)
- December 16 – Thomas Boylston, American colonist doctor (b. 1644)
- December 17 – Caleb Carr, Rhode Island colonial governor (b. 1624)
- December 20 – David Pohle, German baroque composer (b. 1624)
- December 24
- December 30 – Samuel Morland, British academic, diplomat and spy (b. 1625)
Notes and References
- Rif Winfield and Stephen S. Roberts, French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1626–1786 Design, Construction, Careers and Fates (Pen & Sword, 2017) p. 1694
- William G. Gates, Ships of the British Navy: A Record of Heroism, Victory and Disaster (W. H. Long, 1905) p. 120
- "Appendix G: Refusal of the House of Commons to Renew the Licensing Act (1695)", Dictionary of Literary and Dramatic Ccensorship in Tudor and Stuart England, by Dorothy Auchter (Greenwood Press, 2001) p. 389
- Alvin B. Kernan, "Samuel Johnson and the Impact of Print" (Princeton University Press, 2021) p. 59
- Book: Palmer. Alan. Palmer . Veronica. 1992. The Chronology of British History. Century Ltd. London. 198–200. 0-7126-5616-2.
- "Azov campaigns of 1695–1696", The Black Sea Encyclopedia (Springer Berlin, 2014) p. 71
- "Peter I", by Robert Nisbet Bain, in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, Volumbe XXI (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 289
- Book: Williams, Hywel. Cassell's Chronology of World History. registration. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005. 0-304-35730-8. 287.
- Love Dean, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys (Pineapple Press, 1998) p. 131
- J. J. Colledge and Ben Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present (Seaforth, 2021) p. 482
