1685 in China explained

Events from the year 1685 in China.

Incumbents

• Kangxi Emperor (24th year)

Events

• In 1685, four customs were set up in Guangzhou (Guangdong Province), Xiamen (Fujian Province), Ningbo (Zhejiang Province), and Songjiang (Jiangsu Province) to deal with trade with foreign countries^[1]
• Sino-Russian border conflicts
  • The siege of Albazino in Jaxa began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Manchus thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Manchus where they joined the Russian colony in Peking. The Manchus burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former Southern Ming marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
• According to Daqing Huidian, Anhui province had 35.43 million mu of privately cultivated land^[8]

Deaths

• July 1  - Nalan Xingde (born 1655), Chinese Qing Dynasty poet most famous for his ci poetry

References

• Book: Zhao, Erxun. Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao). Zhao Erxun. 1928. zh.
• .

Notes and References

1. A.J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market - Page 9 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134194080
2. Book: Robert H. Felsing. The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan. 1979. University of Iowa.. 18.
3. Book: Louise Lux. The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor. 1998. Mark One Printing. 270.
4. Book: Mark Mancall. Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728. 1971. Harvard University Press. 338. 9780674781153.
5. Book: R. G. Grant. Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. 2005. DK Pub.. 978-0-7566-1360-0. 179.
6. Book: Spence, Jonathan D.. Jonathan D. Spence. The Search for Modern China. 1991. Norton. 978-0-393-30780-1. 56–.
7. Web site: Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689 . Jenne . Jeremiah . September 6, 2016 . The World of Chinese .
8. Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911