July 15 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 484 BC  - Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
• 70  - First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
• 756  - An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed.
• 1099  - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege.
• 1149  - The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem.
• 1207  - King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton.
• 1240  - Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva.
• 1381  - John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England.
• 1410  - Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order.
• 1482  - Muhammad XII is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada.

1601–1900

• 1640  - The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, is inaugurated in Turku.^{[1] [2]}
• 1738  - Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitzin are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna.^[3]
• 1741  - Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.
• 1789  - French Revolution: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris.
• 1799  - The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.^[4]
• 1806  - Pike Expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west.
• 1815  - Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard .
• 1823  - A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy.
• 1834  - The Spanish Inquisition is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years.
• 1838  - Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage.
• 1849  - The first air raid in history occurs; Austria launches pilotless balloons against the city of Venice^[5]
• 1862  - American Civil War: The CSS Arkansas, the most effective ironclad on the Mississippi River, battles with Union Navy ships commanded by Admiral David Farragut, severely damaging three ships and sustaining heavy damage herself.
• 1870  - Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union.
• 1870  - Canadian Confederation: Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories.
• 1888  - The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts, killing approximately 500 people in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

1901–present

• 1910  - In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer.
• 1916  - In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
• 1918  - World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack.
• 1920  - Aftermath of World War I: The Parliament of Poland establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite.
• 1922  - The Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan.
• 1927  - Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by Austrian police in Vienna.
• 1941  - The Holocaust: Nazi Germany begins the deportation of 100,000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands to extermination camps.^[6]
• 1946  - The State of North Borneo, now Sabah, Malaysia, is annexed by the United Kingdom.
• 1954  - The Boeing 367-80, the prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series, takes its first flight.
• 1955  - Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others.
• 1966  - Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone.
• 1971  - The United Red Army is founded in Japan.
• 1974  - In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president.
• 1975  - Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was the last launch of both an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets.
• 1979  - U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech".
• 1983  - An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured.
• 1983  - Nintendo released the Famicom in Japan.^[7]
• 1996  - A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport.
• 1998  - Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine.
• 2002  - "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and possession of explosives during the commission of a felony.
• 2002  - The Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan sentences British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to death, and three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl to life.
• 2003  - AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day.
• 2006  - Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched.
• 2009  - Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Jannatabad, Qazvin, Iran, killing 168.^[8]
• 2009  - Space Shuttle program: Endeavour is launched on STS-127 to complete assembly of the International Space Station's Kibō module.^[9]
• 2012  - South Korean rapper Psy releases his hit single Gangnam Style.^[10]
• 2014  - A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others.
• 2016  - Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup.^[11]
• 2018  - France win their second World Cup title, defeating Croatia 4–2.^[12]

Births

Pre-1600

• 980  - Ichijō, Japanese emperor (d. 1011)
• 1273  - Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and saint (d. 1352)
• 1353  - Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
• 1359  - Antonio Correr, Italian cardinal (d. 1445)
• 1442  - Boček IV of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1496)
• 1455  - Queen Yun, Korean queen (d. 1482)
• 1471  - Eskender, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1494)
• 1478  - Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (d. 1534)
• 1573  - Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen's House (d. 1652)
• 1600  - Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (d. 1671)

1601–1900

• 1606  - Rembrandt, Dutch painter and etcher (d. 1669)
• 1611  - Jai Singh I, maharaja of Jaipur (d. 1667)
• 1613  - Gu Yanwu, Chinese philologist and geographer (d. 1682)
• 1631  - Jens Juel, Danish politician and diplomat, Governor-general of Norway (d. 1700)
• 1631  - Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (d. 1718)
• 1638  - Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1693)
• 1704  - August Gottlieb Spangenberg, German bishop and theologian (d. 1792)
• 1779  - Clement Clarke Moore, American author, poet, and educator (d. 1863)
• 1793  - Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, American educator, author, editor (d. 1884)^[13]
• 1796  - Thomas Bulfinch, American mythologist (d. 1867)
• 1799  - Reuben Chapman, American lawyer and politician, 13th Governor of Alabama (d. 1882)
• 1800  - Sidney Breese, American jurist and politician (d. 1878)
• 1808  - Henry Edward Manning, English cardinal (d. 1892)
• 1812  - James Hope-Scott, English lawyer and academic (d. 1873)
• 1817  - Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet, English engineer, designed the Forth Bridge (d. 1898)
• 1827  - W. W. Thayer American lawyer and politician, 6th Governor of Oregon (d. 1899)
• 1848  - Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist and sociologist (d. 1923)
• 1850  - Frances Xavier Cabrini, Italian-American nun and saint (d. 1917)
• 1852  - Josef Josephi, Polish-born singer and actor (d. 1920)
• 1858  - Emmeline Pankhurst, English political activist and suffragist (d. 1928)
• 1864  - Marie Tempest, English actress and singer (d. 1942)
• 1865  - Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, Anglo-Irish businessman and publisher, founded the Amalgamated Press (d. 1922)
• 1865  - Wilhelm Wirtinger, Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (d. 1945)
• 1867  - Jean-Baptiste Charcot, French physician and explorer (d. 1936)
• 1871  - Doppo Kunikida, Japanese journalist, author, and poet (d. 1908)
• 1880  - Enrique Mosca, Argentinian lawyer and politician (d. 1950)
• 1883  - Denny Barry Irish Republican died during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes (d. 1923)^[14]
• 1887  - Wharton Esherick, American sculptor (d. 1970)
• 1892  - Walter Benjamin, German philosopher and critic (d. 1940)
• 1893  - Enid Bennett, Australian-American actress (d. 1969)
• 1893  - Dick Rauch, American football player and coach (d. 1970)
• 1894  - Tadeusz Sendzimir, Polish-American engineer (d. 1989)
• 1899  - Seán Lemass, Irish soldier and politician, 4th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1971)

1901–present

• 1902  - Jean Rey, Belgian lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the European Commission (d. 1983)
• 1903  - Walter D. Edmonds, American journalist and author (d. 1998)
• 1903  - K. Kamaraj, Indian journalist and politician (d. 1975)
• 1904  - Rudolf Arnheim, German-American psychologist and author (d. 2007)
• 1905  - Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (d. 1974)^[15]
• 1905  - Anita Farra, Italian actress (d. 2008)
• 1906  - R. S. Mugali, Indian poet and academic (d. 1993)
• 1906  - Rudolf Uhlenhaut, English-German engineer (d. 1989)
• 1909  - Jean Hamburger, French physician and surgeon (d. 1992)
• 1911  - Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, English geographer and politician, Secretary of State for Air (d. 1994)
• 1913  - Cowboy Copas, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1963)
• 1913  - Hammond Innes, English journalist and author (d. 1998)^[16]
• 1913  - Abraham Sutzkever, Russian poet and author (d. 2010)
• 1914  - Birabongse Bhanudej, Thai racing driver and sailor, member of the Thai royal family (d. 1985)^[17]
• 1914  - Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani economist, scholar, and activist (d. 1999)
• 1914  - Howard Vernon, Swiss-French actor (d. 1996)
• 1915  - Albert Ghiorso, American chemist and academic (d. 2010)
• 1915  - Kashmir Singh Katoch, Indian army officer (d. 2007)
• 1916  - Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005)
• 1917  - Robert Conquest, English-American historian, poet, and academic (d. 2015)
• 1917  - Joan Roberts, American actress and singer (d. 2012)
• 1917  - Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan journalist and politician (d. 1979)
• 1918  - Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)^[18]
• 1918  - Brenda Milner, English-Canadian neuropsychologist and academic^[19]
• 1919  - Fritz Langanke, German lieutenant (d. 2012)
• 1919  - Iris Murdoch, Anglo-Irish British novelist and philosopher (d. 1999)^[20]
• 1921  - Henri Colpi, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (d. 2006)
• 1921  - Robert Bruce Merrifield, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
• 1922  - Leon M. Lederman, American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)
• 1922  - Jean-Pierre Richard, French writer (d. 2019)
• 1924  - Jeremiah Denton, American admiral and politician (d. 2014)
• 1924  - Marianne Bernadotte, Swedish actress and philanthropist
• 1925  - Philip Carey, American actor (d. 2009)
• 1925  - Taylor Hardwick, American architect, designed Haydon Burns Library and Friendship Fountain Park (d. 2014)
• 1925  - D. A. Pennebaker, American documentary filmmaker (d. 2019)
• 1925  - Evan Hultman, American politician
• 1925  - Antony Carbone, American actor (d. 2020)
• 1925  - Pandel Savic, American football player (d. 2018)
• 1926  - Driss Chraïbi, Moroccan-French journalist and author (d. 2007)
• 1926  - Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentinian general and politician, 44th President of Argentina (d. 2003)
• 1926  - Raymond Gosling, English physicist and academic (d. 2015)
• 1926  - Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet, English diplomat (d. 2019)
• 1927  - Nan Martin, American actress (d. 2010)
• 1927  - Carmen Zapata, American actress (d. 2014)
• 1927  - Håkon Brusveen, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2021)
• 1928  - Carl Woese, American microbiologist and biophysicist (d. 2012)
• 1928  - Viramachaneni Vimla Devi, Indian parliamentarian (d. 1967)
• 1929  - Charles Anthony, American tenor and actor (d. 2012)
• 1929  - Francis Bebey, Cameroonian-French guitarist (d. 2001)
• 1929  - Ian Stewart, Scottish racing driver (d. 2017)
• 1930  - Jacques Derrida, Algerian-French philosopher and academic (d. 2004)
• 1930  - Richard Garneau, Canadian journalist and sportscaster (d. 2013)
• 1930  - Stephen Smale, American mathematician and computer scientist
• 1930  - Einosuke Akiya, Japanese Buddhist leader
• 1931  - Clive Cussler, American archaeologist and author (d. 2020)
• 1931  - Joanna Merlin, American actress and casting director (d. 2023)
• 1931  - Jacques-Yvan Morin, Canadian lawyer and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec (d. 2023)
• 1932  - Ed Litzenberger, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
• 1933  - Guido Crepax, Italian author and illustrator (d. 2003)
• 1933  - M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Indian author and screenwriter
• 1934  - Harrison Birtwistle, English composer and academic (d. 2022)
• 1934  - Eva Krížiková, Czech actress (d. 2020)
• 1934  - Risto Jarva, Finnish director and producer (d. 1977)
• 1935  - Donn Clendenon, American baseball player and lawyer (d. 2005)
• 1935  - Alex Karras, American football player, wrestler, and actor (d. 2012)
• 1935  - Ken Kercheval, American actor and director (d. 2019)
• 1936  - George Voinovich, American lawyer and politician, 65th Governor of Ohio (d. 2016)
• 1937  - Prabhash Joshi, Indian journalist (d. 2009)
• 1938  - Bill Alsup, American racing driver (d. 2016)^[21]
• 1938  - Ernie Barnes, American football player, actor, and painter (d. 2009)
• 1938  - Carmen Callil, Australian publisher, founded Virago Press (d. 2022)
• 1938  - Barry Goldwater, Jr., American lawyer and politician
• 1939  - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Portuguese economist and politician, 19th President of the Portuguese Republic
• 1940  - Chris Cord, American racing driver (d. 2022)^[22]
• 1940  - Denis Héroux, Canadian director and producer (d. 2015)
• 1940  - Ronald Gene Simmons, American sergeant and convicted murderer (d. 1990)
• 1940  - Robert Winston, English surgeon, academic, and politician
• 1941  - Livia Gouverneur, Venezuelan communist (d.1961)^[23]
• 1942  - Vivian Malone Jones, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
• 1943  - Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Northern Irish astrophysicist, astronomer, and academic
• 1944  - Millie Jackson, American singer-songwriter
• 1944  - Jan-Michael Vincent, American actor (d. 2019)
• 1944  - Nigel Williams, English conservator (d. 1992)^[24]
• 1945  - David Arthur Granger, Guyanese politician, 9th President of Guyana
• 1945  - Peter Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1945  - Jürgen Möllemann, German soldier and politician, Vice-Chancellor of Germany (d. 2003)
• 1946  - Linda Ronstadt, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
• 1946  - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
• 1947  - Lydia Davis, American short story writer, novelist, and essayist
• 1947  - Pridiyathorn Devakula, Thai economist and politician, Thai Minister of Finance
• 1947  - Roky Erickson, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2019)
• 1948  - Twinkle, English singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
• 1948  - Dimosthenis Kourtovik, Greek anthropologist and critic
• 1948  - Artimus Pyle, American rock drummer and songwriter
• 1949  - Carl Bildt, Swedish politician and diplomat, Prime Minister of Sweden
• 1949  - Trevor Horn, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer
• 1949  - Richard Russo, American novelist, short story writer, and screenwriter
• 1950  - Colin Barnett, Australian economist and politician, 29th Premier of Western Australia
• 1950  - Arianna Huffington, Greek-American journalist and publisher
• 1951  - Gregory Isaacs, Jamaican-English singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
• 1951  - Jesse Ventura, American wrestler, actor, and politician, 38th Governor of Minnesota
• 1952  - John Cleland, British racing driver^[25]
• 1952  - Celia Imrie, English actress
• 1952  - Terry O'Quinn, American actor
• 1952  - David Pack, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1952  - Marky Ramone, American drummer and songwriter
• 1952  - Johnny Thunders, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1991)
• 1953  - Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haitian priest and politician, 49th President of Haiti
• 1953  - Sultanah Haminah, Malaysian royal consort
• 1953  - Mohamad Shahrum Osman, Malaysian politician
• 1953  - Alicia Bridges, American singer-songwriter
• 1954  - John Ferguson, Australian rugby league player
• 1954  - Giorgos Kaminis, American-Greek lawyer and politician, 78th Mayor of Athens
• 1954  - Mario Kempes, Argentinian footballer and manager
• 1956  - Ashoke Sen, Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist^[26]
• 1956  - Ian Curtis, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1980)
• 1956  - Nicholas Harberd, British botanist, educator, and academician
• 1956  - Barry Melrose, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster
• 1956  - Steve Mortimer, Australian rugby league player, coach, and administrator
• 1956  - Joe Satriani, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1956  - Wayne Taylor, South African racing driver
• 1958  - Gary Heale, English footballer and coach
• 1958  - Mac Thornberry, American lawyer and politician
• 1959  - Vincent Lindon, French actor, director, and screenwriter
• 1961  - Lolita Davidovich, Canadian actress
• 1961  - Jean-Christophe Grangé, French journalist and screenwriter
• 1961  - Forest Whitaker, American actor
• 1962  - Nikos Filippou, Greek basketball player and manager
• 1962  - Michelle Ford, Australian swimmer
• 1963  - Brigitte Nielsen, Danish-Italian actress
• 1963  - Steve Thomas, English-Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1965  - Alistair Carmichael, Scottish lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
• 1965  - Gero Miesenböck, Austrian neuroscientist and educator
• 1965  - David Miliband, English politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
• 1966  - Jason Bonham, English singer-songwriter and drummer
• 1966  - Irène Jacob, French-Swiss actress
• 1967  - Adam Savage, American actor and special effects designer
• 1967  - Elbert West, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
• 1968  - Eddie Griffin, American comedian, actor, and producer
• 1969  - Ain Tammus, Estonian footballer and coach
• 1970  - Tarkan Gözübüyük, Turkish bass player and producer
• 1972  - Scott Foley, American actor
• 1973  - Brian Austin Green, American actor
• 1973  - Buju Banton, Jamaican singer^[27]
• 1975  - Cherry, American wrestler and manager
• 1975  - Danny Law, English cricketer
• 1975  - Ben Pepper, Australian basketball player
• 1976  - Steve Cunningham, American boxer
• 1976  - Marco Di Vaio, Italian footballer
• 1976  - Diane Kruger, German actress and model
• 1976  - Gabriel Iglesias, Mexican-American comedian and voice actor
• 1977  - D. J. Kennington, Canadian racing driver^[28]
• 1977  - André Nel, South African cricketer
• 1977  - Lana Parrilla, American actress^[29]
• 1977  - John St. Clair, American football player
• 1977  - Ray Toro, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[30]
• 1978  - Miguel Olivo, Dominican baseball player
• 1979  - Laura Benanti, American actress and singer
• 1979  - Alexander Frei, Swiss footballer
• 1979  - Edda Garðarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
• 1979  - Renata Kučerová, Czech tennis player
• 1980  - Reggie Abercrombie, American baseball player
• 1980  - Jonathan Cheechoo, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980  - Julia Perez, Indonesian singer and actress (d. 2017)
• 1981  - Alou Diarra, French footballer
• 1981  - Petros Klampanis, Greek bassist and composer
• 1981  - Marius Stankevičius, Lithuanian footballer
• 1982  - Julien Canal, French racing driver^[31]
• 1982  - Neemia Tialata, New Zealand rugby player
• 1982  - Aída Yéspica, Venezuelan model and actress
• 1983  - Salvatore Iovino, American racing driver^[32]
• 1983  - Nelson Merlo, Brazilian racing driver
• 1983  - Heath Slater, American wrestler
• 1984  - Angelo Siniscalchi, Italian footballer
• 1984  - Veronika Velez-Zuzulová, Slovak skier
• 1986  - Tyler Kennedy, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1986  - Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, American actor ^[33]
• 1989  - Alisa Kleybanova, Russian tennis player
• 1989  - Anthony Randolph, American basketball player
• 1990  - Olly Alexander, English singer and actor ^[34]
• 1990  - Zach Bogosian, American ice hockey player
• 1990  - Damian Lillard, American basketball player^[35]
• 1990  - Tyler Young, American racing driver^[36]
• 1991  - Danilo, Brazilian footballer
• 1991  - Derrick Favors, American basketball player
• 1991  - Evgeny Tishchenko, Russian boxer
• 1991  - Nuria Párrizas Díaz, Spanish tennis player^[37]
• 1992  - Tobias Harris, American basketball player
• 1992  - Wayde van Niekerk, South African sprinter
• 1993  - Håvard Nielsen, Norwegian footballer^[38]
• 1993  - Harrison Rhodes, American racing driver^[39]
• 1993  - Masataka Yoshida, Japanese baseball player^[40]
• 1996  - Vivianne Miedema, Dutch football player^[41]
• 1997  - Jil Teichmann, Swiss tennis player^[42]
• 1998  - Noah Gragson, American racing driver^[43]
• 1999  - Mohamed Sobhy, Egyptian footballer^[44]
• 2005  - JuJu Watkins, American basketball player^[45]
• 2008  - Iain Armitage, American actor

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 756  - Yang Guifei, consort of Xuan Zong (b. 719)
• 998  - Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī, Persian mathematician and astronomer (b. 940)
• 1015  - Vladimir the Great, Grand prince of Kievan Rus' (b. c. 958)
• 1274  - Bonaventure, Italian bishop and saint (b. 1221)
• 1291  - Rudolf I of Germany (b. 1218)
• 1299  - King Eric II of Norway (b. c. 1268)
• 1381  - John Ball, English Lollard priest
• 1388  - Agnes of Durazzo, titular Latin empress consort of Constantinople (b. 1313)
• 1397  - Catherine of Henneberg, German ruler (b. c. 1334)
• 1406  - William, Duke of Austria
• 1410  - Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (b. 1360)
• 1445  - Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland
• 1542  - Lisa del Giocondo, subject of Leonardo da Vinci's painting Mona Lisa (b. 1479)
• 1544  - René of Châlon (b. 1519)
• 1571  - Shimazu Takahisa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1514)

1601–1900

• 1609  - Annibale Carracci, Italian painter and illustrator (b. 1560)
• 1614  - Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, French soldier, historian and author (b. 1540)
• 1655  - Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1570)
• 1685  - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, Dutch-born English general and claimant to the throne, executed (b. 1649)
• 1750  - Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (b. 1686)
• 1765  - Charles-André van Loo, French painter (b. 1705)
• 1767  - Michael Bruce, Scottish poet and composer (b. 1746)
• 1789  - Jacques Duphly, French harpsichord player and composer (b. 1715)
• 1828  - Jean-Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (b. 1741)
• 1839  - Winthrop Mackworth Praed, English poet and politician (b. 1802)
• 1844  - Claude Charles Fauriel, French philologist and historian (b. 1772)
• 1851  - Anne-Marie Javouhey, French nun, founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of Cluny (b. 1779)^[46]
• 1851  - Juan Felipe Ibarra, Argentinian general and politician (b. 1787)
• 1857  - Carl Czerny, Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1791)
• 1858  - Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov, Russian painter (b. 1806)
• 1883  - General Tom Thumb, American circus performer (b. 1838)
• 1885  - Rosalía de Castro, Spanish author and poet (b. 1837)
• 1890  - Gottfried Keller, Swiss author, poet and playwright (b. 1819)
• 1898  - Jean-Baptiste Salpointe, French-American archbishop (b. 1825)

1901–present

• 1904  - Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer (b. 1860)^[47]
• 1919  - Emil Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)^[48]
• 1929  - Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1874)^[49]
• 1930  - Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1845)
• 1930  - Leonora Barry, Irish-born American social activist (b. 1849)^[50]
• 1931  - Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian-German economist and mathematician (b. 1868)
• 1932  - Bahíyyih Khánum, Iranian writer and leader in the Baha'i faith (b. 1846) ^[51]
• 1932  - Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, South African poet and politician (b. 1873)
• 1933  - Irving Babbitt, American scholar, critic, and academic (b. 1865)
• 1933  - Freddie Keppard, American cornet player (b. 1890)
• 1940  - Eugen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist and physician (b. 1857)
• 1940  - Robert Wadlow, American giant, 8"11' 271 cm (b. 1918)
• 1942  - Wenceslao Vinzons, Filipino lawyer and politician (b. 1910)
• 1944  - Marie-Victorin Kirouac, Canadian botanist and academic (b. 1885)
• 1946  - Razor Smith, English cricketer and coach (b. 1877)
• 1947  - Walter Donaldson, American soldier and songwriter (b. 1893)
• 1948  - John J. Pershing, American general (b. 1860)
• 1953  - Geevarghese Mar Ivanios, Indian archbishop, founded the Order of the Imitation of Christ (b. 1882)
• 1957  - James M. Cox, American publisher and politician, 46th Governor of Ohio (b. 1870)^[52]
• 1957  - Vasily Maklakov, a Russian lawyer and politician (b. 1869)
• 1959  - Ernest Bloch, Swiss-American composer and academic (b. 1880)
• 1959  - Vance Palmer, Australian author and critic (b. 1885)^[53]
• 1960  - Set Persson, Swedish politician (b. 1897)
• 1960  - Lawrence Tibbett, American singer and actor (b. 1896)
• 1961  - John Edward Brownlee, Canadian lawyer and politician, 5th Premier of Alberta (b. 1884)
• 1961  - Nina Bari, Russian mathematician (b. 1901)^[54]
• 1965  - Francis Cherry, American lawyer and politician, 35th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1908)
• 1966  - Seyfi Arkan, Turkish architect (b. 1903)
• 1969  - Grace Hutchins, American labor reformer and researcher (b. 1885)^[55]
• 1974  - Christine Chubbuck, American journalist (b. 1944)^[56]
• 1976  - Paul Gallico, American journalist and author (b. 1897)
• 1977  - Donald Mackay, Australian businessman and activist (b. 1933)
• 1979  - Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Mexican academic and politician, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1911)^[57]
• 1981  - Frédéric Dorion, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1898)
• 1982  - Bill Justis, American saxophonist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1926)
• 1986  - Billy Haughton, American harness racer and trainer (b. 1923)
• 1988  - Eleanor Estes, American librarian, author, and illustrator (b. 1906)
• 1989  - Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (b. 1956)
• 1990  - Zaim Topčić, Yugoslav and Bosnian writer (b. 1920)
• 1990  - Margaret Lockwood, English actress (b. 1916)
• 1990  - Omar Abu Risha, Syrian poet and diplomat, 4th Syrian Ambassador to the United States (b. 1910)
• 1991  - Bert Convy, American actor, singer, and game show host (b. 1933)
• 1992  - Hammer DeRoburt, Nauruan educator and politician, 1st President of Nauru (b. 1922)
• 1992  - Chingiz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani journalist and author (b. 1960)
• 1997  - Justinas Lagunavičius, Lithuanian basketball player (b. 1924)
• 1997  - Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer, founded Versace (b. 1946)
• 1998  - S. Shanmuganathan, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1960)
• 2000  - Louis Quilico, Canadian opera singer and educator (b. 1925)
• 2001  - C. Balasingham, Sri Lankan lawyer and civil servant (b. 1917)
• 2003  - Roberto Bolaño, Chilean novelist, short-story writer, poet, and essayist (b. 1953)
• 2003  - Elisabeth Welch, American actress and singer (b. 1904)
• 2006  - Robert H. Brooks, American businessman, founder of Hooters and Naturally Fresh, Inc. (b. 1937)
• 2006  - Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, Iranian archaeologist and academic (b. 1942)
• 2008  - György Kolonics, Hungarian canoe racer (b. 1972)
• 2010  - James E. Akins, American politician and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (b. 1926)
• 2011  - Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler, German landowner and politician (b. 1928)
• 2011  - Googie Withers, British-Australian actress (b. 1917)
• 2012  - Boris Cebotari, Moldovan footballer (b. 1975)
• 2012  - Tsilla Chelton, Israeli-French actress (b. 1919)
• 2012  - Grant Feasel, American football player (b. 1960)
• 2012  - David Fraser, English general (b. 1920)
• 2012  - Celeste Holm, American actress and singer (b. 1917)
• 2012  - Yoichi Takabayashi, Japanese director and screenwriter (b. 1931)^[58]
• 2013  - Ninos Aho, Syrian-American poet and activist (b. 1945)
• 2013  - Henry Braden, American lawyer and politician (b. 1944)
• 2013  - Tom Greenwell, American lawyer and judge (b. 1956)
• 2013  - Earl Gros, American football player (b. 1940)
• 2013  - Noël Lee, Chinese-American pianist and composer (b. 1924)
• 2013  - Meskerem Legesse, Ethiopian runner (b. 1986)
• 2013  - John T. Riedl, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1962)
• 2014  - Óscar Acosta, Honduran author, poet, and diplomat (b. 1933)
• 2014  - James MacGregor Burns, American historian, political scientist, and author (b. 1918)
• 2014  - Edward Perl, American neuroscientist and academic (b. 1926)
• 2014  - Robert A. Roe, American soldier and politician (b. 1924)
• 2015  - Masahiko Aoki, Japanese-American economist and academic (b. 1938)
• 2015  - Wan Li, Chinese politician, 4th Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (b. 1916)
• 2015  - Aubrey Morris, British actor (b. 1926)
• 2015  - Dave Somerville, Canadian singer (b. 1933)
• 2017  - Martin Landau, American film and television actor (b. 1928)
• 2021  - Peter R. de Vries, Dutch investigative journalist and crime reporter (b. 1956)^[59]

Holidays and observances

• Bon Festival (Kantō region, Japan)
• Christian feast day:
  • Abhai (Syriac Orthodox Church)
  • Anne-Marie Javouhey
  • Bernhard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden
  • Bonaventure
  • Dispersion of the Apostles (formerly by the Catholic Church)
  • Donald of Ogilvy
  • Edith of Polesworth
  • Edith of Wilton
  • Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Plechelm
  • Quriaqos and Julietta (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox)
    • • Swithun Vladimir the Great (Eastern Orthodox; Catholic Church)
  • July 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Earliest day on which Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera can fall, while July 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Monday of July. (Puerto Rico)
• Earliest day on which Galla Bayramy can fall, while July 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Sunday of July. (Turkmenistan)
• Earliest day on which Marine Day can fall, while July 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Monday of July. (Japan)
• Earliest day on which President's Day can fall, while July 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Monday of July. (Botswana)
• Elderly Men Day (Kiribati)
• EU Day for the Victims of the Global Climate Crisis (European Union, worldwide)^[60]
• Festival of Santa Rosalia (Palermo, Sicily)
• Sultan's Birthday (Brunei Darussalam)
• Statehood Day (Ukraine)^[61]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC.
  • Web site: Historical Events on July 15 . OnThisDay.com.

Notes and References

1. Simo Tuomola, Simo: Abo – Suomen metropoli: 1600-luku Turussa, p. 46. (in Finnish)
2. http://www.halvi.helsinki.fi/museo/yliopiston_historia/kuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia
3. Web site: BARUCH LEIBOV - JewishEncyclopedia.com.
4. Web site: Everything you ever wanted to know about the Rosetta Stone . 2023-12-31 . British Museum (www.britishmuseum.org) . en.
5. Web site: The first air bomb: Venice, 15 July 1849. Brett Holman. Airminded. 22 August 2009. 21 August 2023.
6. Web site: The Holocaust and World War II: Key Dates. 2022-01-17. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. en.
7. News: . July 15, 2016 . This day in history: Nintendo releases the NES . KABC Eyewitness News . June 9, 2023.
8. Web site: Ranter . Harro . ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M EP-CPG Qazvin . 2022-07-13 . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network.
9. Web site: Bergin . Chris . July 15, 2009 . Endeavour launches on sixth attempt to start STS-127 – UCCAS status . July 18, 2009 . NASAspaceflight.com.
10. Web site: Star2.com. Remember when Psy released 'Gangnam Style' & started a global craze?. 2021-07-27. The Star. en.
11. Hansen . Suzy . Turkey's Earthquake Election . 11 May 2023 . The New Yorker . 99 . 12 . 8 May 2023 . 53 . subscription . 0028-792X.
12. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/world-cup-2018-france-croatia-set-to-rehash-rivalry-in-grand-finale/ World Cup 2018: France, Croatia set to rehash rivalry in grand finale
13. Book: Patterson. Daniel. Thompson. Roger. Bryson. J. Scott. Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia. 2008. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-34680-4. 281–.
14. White, Robert William (1993), Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History, p 117, ISBN 0-313-28564-0
15. News: Dorothy Fields, Lyricist, Dies . . March 29, 1974 . 38.
16. News: Adrian . Jack . Obituary: Hammond Innes . . 12 June 1998 . 10 June 2023.
17. Web site: Prince Bira. 15 July 2020.
18. Book: Gsta Ekspong. Physics, 1991-1995. 1997. World Scientific. 978-981-02-2678-7. 99.
19. Book: Gwendolyn Stevens. Sheldon Gardner. The Women of Psychology: Expansion and refinement. 1982. Schenkman Publishing Company. 978-0-87073-445-8. 224.
20. Book: Peter J. Conradi. Iris Murdoch, A Writer at War: Letters and Diaries, 1939-1945. 23 April 2011. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-983194-4. 7.
21. Web site: Bill Alsup. 15 July 2020.
22. Web site: Chris Cord. 15 July 2020.
23. Web site: 2022-11-01 . Livia Gouverneur: 61 años de la siembra de "La Virgen Roja de los estudiantes" - MPPEFC . 2024-07-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221101152528/http://www.mppef.gob.ve/livia-gouverneur-61-anos-de-la-siembra-de-la-virgen-roja-de-los-estudiantes/ . 2022-11-01 .
24. Painter . Kenneth . Kenneth Painter . 1993 . Nigel Williams (1944–1992) . Journal of Glass Studies . Corning Museum of Glass . 35 . 158–159 . 24191075 .
25. Web site: John Cleland. 15 July 2020.
26. Web site: Fellowship Indian Academy of Sciences. www.ias.ac.in. 2020-01-30.
27. News: Biography - Buju Banton. 7 May 2018. Buju Banton. 9 July 2018. en-US. 26 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180826063804/https://bujubanton.com/biography/. dead.
28. Web site: DJ Kennington. 15 July 2020.
29. Lara Parrilla Biography. TVGuide.com. September 7, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150907184006/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lana-parrilla/bio/161175/. dead.
30. Web site: Ray Toro biography. ray-toro.com. 30 November 2008. October 19, 2017.
31. Web site: Julien Canal. 15 July 2020.
32. Web site: Salvatore Iovino. 15 July 2020.
33. Web site: Yahya Abdul-Mateen II. 29 June 2023.
34. Web site: Happy birthday, Olly Alexander!. Gay Times. 15 July 2016. 7 July 2018. 16 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916204537/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/42717/happy-birthday-olly-alexander/. dead.
35. News: Damian Lillard NBA.com profile . . live . November 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191103231816/https://stats.nba.com/player/203081/ . November 3, 2019.
36. Web site: Tyler Young. 15 July 2020.
37. Web site: WTAtennis.com Profile: Nuria Párrizas Díaz. Women's Tennis Association. 17 October 2022.
38. Web site: Havard Nielsen. 15 November 2015. de. kicker.de.
39. Web site: Harrison Rhodes. 15 July 2020.
40. Web site: Masataka Yoshida . . 14 July 2023.
41. Web site: Arsenal's Vivianne Miedema - Player Profile. 26 February 2019. 23 September 2020.
42. Web site: WTAtennis.com Profile: Jil Teichmann . 16 October 2022 . Women's Tennis Association.
43. Web site: Noah Gragson. 15 July 2020.
44. Web site: 2019 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations squads — List of Players: Egypt . . 3 . 5 November 2019 . 11 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191105140641/https://images.cafonline.com/image/upload/caf-prd/cngdkfcfnjo83bvphxma.pdf . 5 November 2019 .
45. Web site: JuJu Watkins - 2024-25 Women's Basketball Roster . usctrojans.com . July 14, 2024.
46. Book: Thomas. Carson. Joann. Cerrito. New Catholic encyclopedia, Volume 7. London. Gale. 2003. 748. 978-0-78764-004-0.
47. Web site: Anton Chekhov | Biography, Plays, Short Stories, & Facts | Britannica . 25 January 2024 .
48. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/ Emil Fischer – Biographical.
49. News: TIMES . Special Cable to THE NEW YORK . AUSTRIAN POET DIES AFTER SON'S SUICIDE; Hugo von Hoffmannsthal Succumbs to Heart Attack When Dressing for the Funeral. . 17 March 2023 . . 16 July 1929.
50. Book: Fexner, Eleanor. Barry, Leonora Marie Kearney. Edward T.. James. Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. 1. 1971. 978-0-67462-734-5. 101.
51. Book: Khan, Janet A.. Prophet's daughter : the life and legacy of Bahíyyih Khánum : outstanding heroine of the Baháʼí Faith. 2005. Baháʼí Pub. 1931847142. Wilmette, Ill.. 211. 57531427.
52. Web site: Cebula. James. Cox, James Middleton. Oxford University Press. American National Biography Online. 1 October 2015. 29 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121229104304/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx. dead.
53. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/palmer-edward-vivian-vance-7946 Australian Dictionary of Biography - Palmer, Edward Vivian (Vance) (1885–1959) by Geoffrey Serle
54. Book: Joan . Spetich . Douglas E. . Cameron . Nina Karlovna Bari . Grinstein . Louise S. . Campbell . Paul J. . Women of Mathematics: a Biobibliographic Sourcebook . New York . Greenwood Press . 1987 . 978-0-3132-4849-8 . 6 . https://archive.org/details/womenofmathemati0000unse/page/6 .
55. Book: Whitman . Alden . American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary . 1985 . H.W. Wilson Company . New York . 9780824207052 . 460.
56. Web site: Colleagues Recall Shock and Horror After Journalist Committed Suicide on Live TV: 'I Didn't See the Gun' . People. Christine . Pelisek . February 10, 2016 . November 17, 2018.
57. Web site: Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. Busca Biografias . es. May 30, 2019.
58. Web site: Takabayashi Yōichi kantoku shikyo . 47News . 16 July 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20130111185020/http://www.47news.jp/localnews/kyoto/2012/07/post_20120716014619.html . 11 January 2013 . dmy-all .
59. News: Henley. Jon. 15 July 2021. Dutch crime reporter Peter de Vries dies after shooting. 22 September 2021. The Guardian. en.
60. Web site: 2023-07-13 . The EU Day for the Victims of the Global Climate Crisis . 2024-07-16 . . en.
61. Web site: 2023-07-14 . Parliament changes dates of Christmas, Statehood Day, Day of Defenders . 2023-07-14 . . en.