December 15 Explained
Events
Pre-1600
1601–1900
- 1651 - Castle Cornet in Guernsey, the last stronghold which had supported the King in the Third English Civil War, surrenders.
- 1778 - American Revolutionary War: British and French fleets clash in the Battle of St. Lucia.
- 1791 - The United States Bill of Rights becomes law when ratified by the Virginia General Assembly.
- 1836 - The U.S. Patent Office building in Washington, D.C., nearly burns to the ground, destroying all 9,957 patents issued by the federal government to that date, as well as 7,000 related patent models.[7]
- 1864 - American Civil War: The Battle of Nashville begins at Nashville, Tennessee, and ends the following day with the destruction of the Confederate Army of Tennessee as a fighting force by the Union Army of the Cumberland.[8]
- 1869 - The short-lived Republic of Ezo is proclaimed in the Ezo area of Japan.[9] It is the first attempt to establish a democracy in Japan.[10]
- 1871 - Sixteen-year-old telegraphist Ella Stewart keys and sends the first telegraphed message from Arizona Territory at the Deseret Telegraph Company office in Pipe Spring.[11] [12]
- 1890 - Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull is killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation, leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre.
- 1893 - Symphony No. 9 ("From the New World" the "New World Symphony") by Antonín Dvořák premieres in a public afternoon rehearsal at Carnegie Hall in New York City, followed by a concert premiere on the evening of December 16.[13]
- 1899 - British Army forces are defeated at the Battle of Colenso in Natal, South Africa, the third and final battle fought during the Black Week of the Second Boer War.[14]
1901–present
- 1903 - Italian American food cart vendor Italo Marchiony receives a U.S. patent for inventing a machine that makes ice cream cones.[15]
- 1905 - The Pushkin House is established in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to preserve the cultural heritage of Alexander Pushkin.
- 1906 - The London Underground's Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opens.
- 1914 - World War I: The Serbian Army recaptures Belgrade from the invading Austro-Hungarian Army.
- 1914 - A gas explosion at Mitsubishi Hōjō coal mine, in Kyushu, Japan, kills 687.
- 1917 - World War I: An armistice between Russia and the Central Powers is signed.
- 1939 - Gone with the Wind (highest inflation adjusted grossing film) receives its premiere at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
- 1941 - The Holocaust in Ukraine: German troops murder over 15,000 Jews at Drobytsky Yar, a ravine southeast of the city of Kharkiv.
- 1942 - World War II: The Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign.
- 1943 - World War II: The Battle of Arawe begins during the New Britain campaign.
- 1944 - World War II: a single-engine UC-64A Norseman aeroplane carrying United States Army Air Forces Major Glenn Miller is lost in a flight over the English Channel.
- 1945 - Occupation of Japan/Shinto Directive: General Douglas MacArthur orders that Shinto be abolished as the state religion of Japan.
- 1960 - Richard Pavlick is arrested for plotting to assassinate U.S. President-Elect John F. Kennedy.
- 1960 - King Mahendra of Nepal suspends the country's constitution, dissolves parliament, dismisses the cabinet, and imposes direct rule.
- 1961 - Eichmann trial: Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death after being found guilty by an Israeli court of 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership of an outlawed organization.
- 1965 - Project Gemini: Gemini 6A, crewed by Wally Schirra and Thomas Stafford, is launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida. Four orbits later, it achieves the first space rendezvous, with Gemini 7.
- 1970 - Soviet spacecraft Venera 7 successfully lands on Venus. It is the first successful soft landing on another planet.
- 1973 - John Paul Getty III, grandson of American billionaire J. Paul Getty, is found alive near Naples, Italy, after being kidnapped by an Italian gang on July 10.
- 1973 - The American Psychiatric Association votes 13–0 to remove homosexuality from its official list of psychiatric disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
- 1978 - U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States will recognize the People's Republic of China and sever diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- 1981 - A suicide car bombing targeting the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, levels the embassy and kills 61 people, including Iraq's ambassador to Lebanon. The attack is considered the first modern suicide bombing.
- 1989 - Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights relating the abolition of capital punishment is adopted.
- 1993 - The Troubles: The Downing Street Declaration is issued by British Prime Minister John Major and Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds.
- 1997 - Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183 crashes in the desert near Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, killing 85.
- 2000 - The third reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down.
- 2001 - The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopens after 11 years and $27,000,000 spent to stabilize it, without fixing its famous lean.
- 2005 - Introduction of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor into USAF active service.
- 2010 - A boat carrying 90 asylum seekers crashes into rocks off the coast of Christmas Island, Australia, killing 48 people.
- 2013 - The South Sudanese Civil War begins when opposition leaders Dr. Riek Machar, Pagan Amum and Rebecca Nyandeng vote to boycott the meeting of the National Liberation Council at Nyakuron.
- 2014 - Gunman Man Haron Monis takes 18 hostages inside a café in Martin Place for 16 hours in Sydney. Monis and two hostages are killed when police raid the café the following morning.
- 2017 - A 6.5earthquake strikes the Indonesian island of Java in the city of Tasikmalaya, resulting in four deaths.
Births
Pre-1600
1601–1900
- 1610 - David Teniers the Younger, Flemish painter (d. 1690)
- 1657 - Michel Richard Delalande, French organist and composer (d. 1726)
- 1686 - Jean-Joseph Fiocco, Flemish violinist and composer (d. 1746)
- 1710 - Francesco Zahra, Maltese painter (d. 1773)
- 1789 - Carlos Soublette, Venezuelan general and politician, 11th President of Venezuela (d. 1870)
- 1832 - Gustave Eiffel, French architect and engineer, co-designed the Eiffel Tower (d. 1923)
- 1837 - E. W. Bullinger, English minister, scholar, and theologian (d. 1913)
- 1852 - Henri Becquerel, French physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)
- 1859 - L. L. Zamenhof, Polish linguist and ophthalmologist, created Esperanto (d. 1917)[17]
- 1860 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Faroese-Danish physician and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1904)
- 1860 - Abner Powell, American baseball player and manager (d. 1953)
- 1861 - Charles Duryea, American engineer and businessman, co-founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company (d. 1938)
- 1861 - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish lawyer, judge, and politician, 3rd President of Finland (d. 1944)
- 1863 - Arthur Dehon Little, American chemist and engineer (d. 1935)
- 1869 - Leon Marchlewski, Polish chemist and academic (d. 1946)
- 1875 - Emilio Jacinto, Filipino journalist and activist (d. 1899)
- 1878 - Hans Carossa, German author and poet (d. 1956)
- 1885 - Leonid Pitamic, Slovenian lawyer, philosopher, and academic (d. 1971)
- 1886 - Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz, Polish politician and resistance fighter (d. 1968)[18]
- 1886 - Florence Jepperson Madsen, American contralto singer and professor of music (d. 1977)
- 1888 - Maxwell Anderson, American journalist and playwright (d. 1959)
- 1890 - Harry Babcock, American pole vaulter (d. 1965)
- 1891 - A.P. Carter, American country singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1960)
- 1892 - J. Paul Getty, American-English businessman and art collector, founded Getty Oil (d. 1976)
- 1894 - Vibert Douglas, Canadian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1988)
- 1894 - Josef Imbach, Swiss sprinter (d. 1964)
- 1896 - Betty Smith, American author and playwright (d. 1972)
- 1899 - Harold Abrahams, English sprinter, lawyer, and journalist (d. 1978)
1901–present
- 1902 - Robert F. Bradford, American lawyer and politician, 57th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1983)
- 1903 - Tamanishiki San'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 32nd Yokozuna (d. 1938)
- 1907 - Gordon Douglas, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1993)
- 1907 - Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect, designed the United Nations Headquarters and the Cathedral of Brasília (d. 2012)
- 1908 - Swami Ranganathananda, Indian monk, scholar, and author (d. 2005)
- 1909 - Sattar Bahlulzade, Azerbaijani-Russian painter (d. 1974)
- 1909 - Eliza Atkins Gleason, American librarian (d. 2009)[19]
- 1910 - John Hammond, American record producer and critic (d. 1987)
- 1911 - Nicholas P. Dallis, American psychiatrist and illustrator (d. 1991)
- 1911 - Stan Kenton, American pianist and composer (d. 1979)
- 1913 - Roger Gaudry, Canadian chemist and businessman (d. 2001)
- 1913 - Muriel Rukeyser, American poet, academic, and activist (d. 1980)
- 1915 - Eila Campbell, English geographer and cartographer (d. 1994)[20]
- 1916 - Miguel Arraes, Brazilian lawyer and politician, Governor of Pernambuco (d. 2005)
- 1916 - Buddy Cole, American pianist and conductor (d. 1964)
- 1916 - Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-English physicist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Indian-Pakistani linguist and lexicographer (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961)
- 1918 - Chihiro Iwasaki, Japanese painter and illustrator (d. 1974)
- 1919 - Max Yasgur, American dairy farmer and host of the Woodstock Music & Art Fair (d. 1973)
- 1920 - Gamal al-Banna, Egyptian author and scholar (d. 2013)
- 1920 - Kurt Schaffenberger, German-American sergeant and illustrator (d. 2002)
- 1921 - Alan Freed, American radio host (d. 1965)
- 1923 - Pierre Cossette, American producer and manager (d. 2009)
- 1923 - Freeman Dyson, English-American physicist and mathematician (d. 2020)[21]
- 1923 - Uziel Gal, German-Israeli engineer, designed the Uzi gun (d. 2002)
- 1923 - Valentin Varennikov, Russian general and politician (d. 2009)
- 1924 - Frank W. J. Olver, English-American mathematician and academic (d. 2013)
- 1924 - Ruhi Sarıalp, Turkish triple jumper and educator (d. 2001)
- 1925 - Kasey Rogers, American actress and author (d. 2006)
- 1926 - Bill Pitt, Australian race car driver (d. 2017) [22]
- 1928 - Ernest Ashworth, American singer-songwriter (d. 2009)
- 1928 - Ida Haendel, Polish-English violinist and educator (d. 2020)
- 1928 - Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Austrian-New Zealand painter and architect (d. 2000)
- 1930 - Edna O'Brien, Irish novelist, playwright, poet and short story writer (d. 2024)[23]
- 1931 - Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish author and poet (d. 2015)
- 1932 - Jesse Belvin, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1960)
- 1932 - John Meurig Thomas, Welsh chemist and academic[24] (d. 2020)
- 1933 - Bapu, Indian director and screenwriter (d. 2014)
- 1933 - Tim Conway, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2019)[25]
- 1933 - Donald Woods, South African journalist and activist (d. 2001)
- 1936 - Joe D'Amato, Italian director and producer (d. 1999)
- 1938 - Michael Bogdanov, Welsh director and screenwriter (d. 2017)
- 1938 - Billy Shaw, American football player
- 1939 - Cindy Birdsong, American singer-songwriter
- 1939 - Dave Clark, English musician and songwriter
- 1940 - Nick Buoniconti, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2019)
- 1942 - Kathleen Blanco, American educator and politician, 54th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2019)
- 1943 - Lucien den Arend, Dutch sculptor
- 1944 - Jim Leyland, American baseball player and manager
- 1944 - Chico Mendes, Brazilian trade union leader and activist (d. 1988)
- 1945 - Heather Booth, American civil rights activist, feminist, and political strategist
- 1945 - Ivor Crewe, English political scientist and academic
- 1946 - Carmine Appice, American drummer and songwriter
- 1946 - Art Howe, American baseball player and manager
- 1946 - Genny Lim, American writer[26]
- 1946 - Comunardo Niccolai, Italian footballer (Torres, Cagliari, national team) (d. 2024)[27] [28]
- 1948 - Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (d. 1991)
- 1948 - Charlie Scott, American basketball player[29]
- 1949 - Don Johnson, American actor[30]
- 1949 - Brian Roper, English economist and academic
- 1950 - Melanie Chartoff, American actress and comedian
- 1950 - Sylvester James Gates, American theoretical physicist and professor
- 1951 - George Donikian, Australian journalist
- 1951 - Joe Jordan, Scottish footballer and manager
- 1951 - Tim Webster, Australian journalist and sportscaster
- 1952 - Rudi Protrudi, American singer-songwriter and producer
- 1952 - Allan Simonsen, Danish footballer and manager
- 1952 - Julie Taymor, American director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1953 - John R. Allen, American general and diplomat
- 1953 - J. M. DeMatteis, American author
- 1953 - Robert Charles Wilson, American-Canadian author
- 1954 - Alex Cox, English film director, screenwriter, actor, non-fiction author and broadcaster
- 1954 - Oliver Heald, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales
- 1954 - Mark Warner, American businessman and politician, 69th Governor of Virginia
- 1955 - Hector Sants, English banker
- 1955 - Paul Simonon, English singer-songwriter and bass player
- 1956 - John Lee Hancock, American screenwriter, film director, and producer
- 1956 - Tony Leon, South African lawyer and politician
- 1957 - Mario Marois, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
- 1957 - Mike McAlary, American journalist and author (d. 1998)
- 1957 - Tim Reynolds, German-American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1958 - Carlo J. Caparas, Filipino director and producer
- 1958 - Richard Kastle, American classical pianist
- 1959 - Greg Matthews, Australian cricketer
- 1959 - Alan Whetton, New Zealand rugby player
- 1959 - Gary Whetton, New Zealand rugby player
- 1960 - Walter Werzowa, Austrian composer and producer
- 1961 - Karin Resetarits, Austrian journalist and politician
- 1962 - Tim Gaines, American bass player
- 1962 - Simon Hodgkinson, English rugby player and coach
- 1963 - Ellie Cornell, American actress and producer
- 1963 - Norman J. Grossfeld, American screenwriter and producer
- 1963 - Helen Slater, American actress
- 1963 - David Wingate, American basketball player
- 1964 - Paul Kaye, English actor
- 1966 - Carl Hooper, Guyanese cricketer and coach
- 1966 - Molly Price, American actress
- 1967 - David Howells, English footballer and coach
- 1967 - Mo Vaughn, American baseball player
- 1968 - Garrett Wang, American actor
- 1969 - Ralph Ineson, English actor
- 1969 - Chantal Petitclerc, Canadian wheelchair racer and senator
- 1969 - Adam Setliff, American discus thrower and lawyer
- 1970 - Frankie Dettori, Italian jockey
- 1970 - Lawrence Funderburke, American basketball player
- 1970 - Michael Shanks, Canadian actor, screenwriter and director
- 1971 - Clint Lowery, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
- 1972 - Rodney Harrison, American football player and sportscaster
- 1972 - Lee Jung-jae, South Korean actor[31]
- 1972 - Stuart Townsend, Irish actor
- 1972 - Alexandra Tydings, American actress, director, writer and producer
- 1973 - Surya Bonaly, French figure skater
- 1973 - Ryoo Seung-wan, South Korean actor, director, and screenwriter
- 1974 - Garath Archer, English rugby player
- 1974 - P. J. Byrne, American actor
- 1975 - Samira Saraya, Palestinian actor, filmmaker, poet and rapper
- 1976 - Baichung Bhutia, Indian footballer and manager
- 1976 - Kim Eagles, Canadian sport shooter[32]
- 1976 - Aaron Miles, American baseball player and coach
- 1976 - Todd Tichenor, American baseball player and umpire
- 1977 - Mehmet Aurélio, Brazilian-Turkish footballer and manager
- 1977 - Geoff Stults, American actor and producer
- 1978 - Ned Brower, American drummer
- 1978 - Mark Jansen, Dutch guitarist and songwriter
- 1978 - Jerome McDougle, American football player
- 1979 - Adam Brody, American actor
- 1979 - Eric Young, Canadian-American wrestler
- 1980 - Élodie Gossuin, French beauty pageant titleholder and model
- 1980 - Sergio Pizzorno, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1980 - Manuel Wilhelm, German rugby player
- 1981 - Michelle Dockery, English actress
- 1981 - Brendan Fletcher, Canadian actor and screenwriter
- 1981 - Andy González, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
- 1981 - Thomas Herrion, American football player (d. 2005)
- 1981 - Roman Pavlyuchenko, Russian footballer
- 1982 - Charlie Cox, English actor
- 1982 - Borja García, Spanish race car driver
- 1982 - George O. Gore II, American actor and comedian
- 1982 - Tatiana Perebiynis, Ukrainian tennis player[33]
- 1983 - Delon Armitage, Trinidadian-English rugby player
- 1983 - René Duprée, Canadian professional wrestler
- 1983 - Camilla Luddington, English actress
- 1983 - Ronnie Radke, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
- 1983 - Sophia Young, Vincentian-American basketball player[34]
- 1984 - Martyn Bernard, English high jumper
- 1984 - Martin Škrtel, Slovak footballer[35]
- 1985 - Diogo Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
- 1986 - Kim Junsu, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer
- 1986 - Iveta Mazáčová, Czech sprinter
- 1986 - Keylor Navas, Costa Rican footballer
- 1986 - Snejana Onopka, Ukrainian model
- 1987 - Josh Norman, American football player
- 1988 - Erik Gustafsson, Swedish ice hockey player[36]
- 1988 - Emily Head, English actress
- 1988 - Steven Nzonzi, French footballer
- 1989 - Nichole Bloom, American actress and model
- 1991 - Conor Daly, American race car driver
- 1991 - Yanni Gourde, Canadian ice hockey player[37]
- 1991 - Alana Haim, American musician and actress
- 1992 - Daiamami Genki, Japanese sumo wrestler
- 1992 - Jesse Lingard, English footballer
- 1992 - Alex Telles, Brazilian footballer[38]
- 1993 - Daniel Ochefu, American basketball player[39]
- 1995 - Jahlil Okafor, American basketball player[40]
- 1996 - Jenifer Brening, German singer
- 1996 - Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukrainian footballer
- 1997 - Maude Apatow, American actress
- 1997 - Zach Banks, American race car driver
- 1997 - Magdalena Fręch, Polish tennis player[41]
- 1997 - Stefania LaVie Owen, New Zealand-American actress
- 1998 - Chandler Canterbury, American actor
- 2000 - Kayvon Thibodeaux, American football player[42]
Deaths
Pre-1600
- 933 - Li Siyuan, Chinese emperor (b. 867)
- 1025 - Basil II, Byzantine emperor (b. 958)
- 1072 - Alp Arslan, Turkish sultan (b. 1029)
- 1161 - Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (b. 1122)
- 1230 - Ottokar I, duke of Bohemia (b. 1155)
- 1283 - Philip I, Latin emperor (b. 1243)
- 1343 - Hasan Kucek, Chopanid prince (b. c. 1319)
- 1467 - Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, archbishop and regent of Sweden (b. 1417)
- 1574 - Selim II, Ottoman sultan (b. 1524)
- 1598 - Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde, Dutch nobleman (b. 1540)
1601–1900
- 1621 - Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, French courtier, Constable of France (b. 1578)
- 1673 - Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, English noblewoman (b. 1623)
- 1675 - Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter and educator (b. 1632)
- 1683 - Izaak Walton, English author (b. 1593)
- 1688 - Gaspar Fagel, Dutch lawyer and politician (b. 1634)
- 1698 - Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French nobleman (b. 1636)
- 1715 - George Hickes, English minister and scholar (b. 1642)
- 1753 - Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect and politician, designed Chiswick House (b. 1694)
- 1792 - Joseph Martin Kraus, Swedish pianist, violinist, and composer (b. 1756)
- 1812 - Shneur Zalman, Russian rabbi, author and founder of Chabad (b. 1745)
- 1817 - Federigo Zuccari, astronomer, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Naples (b. 1783)
- 1819 - Daniel Rutherford, Scottish chemist and physician (b. 1749)[43]
- 1855 - Jacques Charles François Sturm, French mathematician and academic (b. 1803)
- 1878 - Alfred Bird, English chemist and businessman, invented baking powder (b. 1811)
- 1890 - Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa Lakota tribal chief (b. 1831)
1901–present
- 1943 - Fats Waller, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1904)
- 1944 - Glenn Miller, American bandleader and composer (b. 1904)[44]
- 1947 - Arthur Machen, Welsh journalist and author (b. 1863)
- 1947 - Crawford Vaughan, Australian politician, 27th Premier of South Australia (b. 1874)
- 1950 - Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Deputy Prime Minister of India (b. 1875)
- 1958 - Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-Swiss physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
- 1962 - Charles Laughton, English-American actor, director, and producer (b. 1899)
- 1965 - M. Balasundaram, Sri Lankan journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1903)
- 1966 - Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott, Indian-Scottish general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire (b. 1897)
- 1966 - Walt Disney, American animator, director, producer, and screenwriter, co-founded The Walt Disney Company (b. 1901)[45]
- 1968 - Antonio Barrette, Canadian politician, 18th Premier of Quebec (b. 1899)
- 1968 - Jess Willard, American boxer and actor (b. 1881)
- 1969 - Karl Theodor Bleek, German lawyer and politician, 12th Mayor of Marburg (b. 1898)
- 1971 - Paul Lévy, French mathematician and theorist (b. 1886)
- 1974 - Anatole Litvak, Russian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1902)
- 1977 - Wilfred Kitching, English 7th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1893)
- 1978 - Chill Wills, American actor (b. 1903)
- 1980 - Peter Gregg, American race car driver (b. 1940)[46]
- 1984 - Jan Peerce, American tenor and actor (b. 1904)
- 1985 - Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Mauritian physician and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Mauritius (b. 1900)
- 1986 - Serge Lifar, Russian-French ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1905)
- 1989 - Edward Underdown, English actor and jockey (b. 1908)
- 1991 - Vasily Zaytsev, Russian captain (b. 1915)
- 1993 - William Dale Phillips, American chemist and engineer (b. 1925)
- 2000 - Haris Brkić, Bosnian-Serbian basketball player (b. 1974)
- 2003 - Vincent Apap, Maltese sculptor (b. 1909)
- 2003 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (b. 1923)
- 2003 - Keith Magnuson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1947)
- 2004 - Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan educator and politician, Speaker of the Nauru Parliament (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Heinrich Gross, Austrian physician and psychiatrist (b. 1914)
- 2005 - Stan Leonard, Canadian golfer (b. 1915)
- 2005 - William Proxmire, American soldier, journalist, and politician (b. 1915)
- 2005 - Darrell Russell, American football player (b. 1976)
- 2006 - Clay Regazzoni, Swiss race car driver (b. 1939)
- 2006 - Mary Stolz, American journalist and author (b. 1920)
- 2007 - Julia Carson, American lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
- 2008 - León Febres Cordero, Ecuadorian engineer and politician, 46th President of Ecuador (b. 1931)
- 2009 - Eliza Atkins Gleason, American librarian (b. 1909)
- 2009 - Oral Roberts, American evangelist, founded the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association (b. 1918)
- 2010 - Blake Edwards, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1922)
- 2010 - Bob Feller, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1918)
- 2010 - Eugene Victor Wolfenstein, American psychoanalyst and theorist (b. 1940)
- 2011 - Bob Brookmeyer, American trombone player and composer (b. 1929)
- 2011 - Christopher Hitchens, English-American essayist, literary critic, and journalist (b. 1949)
- 2012 - Owoye Andrew Azazi, Nigerian general (b. 1952)
- 2012 - Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa, Nigerian politician, 18th Governor of Kaduna State (b. 1948)
- 2012 - Olga Zubarry, Argentinian actress (b. 1929)
- 2013 - Harold Camping, American evangelist, author, radio host (b. 1921)
- 2013 - Joan Fontaine, British-American actress (b. 1917)
- 2013 - Dyron Nix, American basketball player (b. 1967)
- 2014 - Donald Metcalf, Australian physiologist and immunologist (b. 1929)
- 2014 - Fausto Zapata, Mexican journalist, lawyer, and politician, Governor of San Luis Potosí (b. 1940)
- 2015 - Harry Zvi Tabor, English-Israeli physicist and engineer (b. 1917)
- 2016 - Craig Sager, American sports journalist (b. 1951)
- 2017 - Heinz Wolff, scientist and TV presenter (b. 1928)[47]
- 2017 - Calestous Juma, academic (b. 1953)
- 2018 - Eryue He, Chinese historical fiction writer (b.1945) [48]
- 2018 - Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (b. 1924)
- 2020 - Saufatu Sopoanga, Tuvaluan politician, 8th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1952)[49]
Holidays and observances
External links
Notes and References
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- Book: Ekonomou, Andrew. 2007. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books. 978-0739119778.
- Book: Vogt, Albert. The Macedonian Dynasty From 976 to 1057 A.D.. The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4: The Eastern Roman Empire. Tanner. J.R.. Previté-Orton. C.W.. Brooke. Z.N.. New York. Macmillan. 1926. 14739796. 96.
- Book: Kuhn, Dieter. The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China. Cambridge, Mass.. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2011. 9780674031463. 81.
- Book: Daftary . Farhad . The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines . 1992 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-42974-0 . 429 . en.
- Web site: Tammisaari (Ekenäs). Kansallisbiografia. 8 January 2023. fi.
- Book: Niemann, Paul. More Invention Mysteries. Quincy, Ill.. Horsefeathers Publishing Company. 2006. 9780974804118. 130.
- Book: Rigdon, John C.. Historical Sketch and Roster of the Mississippi 29th Infantry Regiment. Cartersville, Ga.. Eastern Digital Resources. 2005. 9780359384303. 58.
- Book: Lu, Sidney Xu. The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2019. 9781108482424. 94, fn. 95.
- Book: Willcock, Hiroko. The Japanese Political Thought of Uchimura Kanzō (1861-1930): Synthesizing Bushidō, Christianity, Nationalism, and Liberalism. Lewiston, N.Y.. Edwin Mellen Press. 2008. 9780773451513. 10.
- Book: McKoy, Kathleen L. . Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History of Pipe Spring National Monument . U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Intermountain Region . 2000 . 35.
- News: Boren . Ray . February 28, 2013 . A Visit to Pioneer Oasis: Arizona's Pipe Spring . Deseret News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109160947/https://www.deseret.com/2013/2/28/20515246/a-visit-to-pioneer-oasis-arizona-s-pipe-spring#a-year-round-water-source-and-range-lands-south-of-the-vermilion-cliffs-drew-pioneer-cattlemen-to-pipe-spring-in-the-mid-1800s-however-drought-and-over-grazing-turned-the-once-grassy-plain-into-a-terrain-dominated-by-sagebrush-and-tumbleweeds-by-the-late-19th-century . November 9, 2020.
- News: The Philharmonic Society. The New York Times. December 16, 1893. 8. December 15, 2020. none.
- News: Dr. Dvorak's Latest Work. The New York Times. December 17, 1893. 19. December 15, 2020.
- Book: Bunting, Tony. Colenso. 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History. Grant. R.G.. New York. Chartwell Books. 2017. 9780785835530. 683.
- Book: Barth, Linda J.. A History of Inventing in New Jersey: From Thomas Edison to the Ice Cream Cone. Charleston, S.C.. The History Press. 2013. 9781626192065. 61.
- Web site: Nero Biography, Claudius, Rome, Burning, Fate, Accomplishments, & Facts Britannica . www.britannica.com . 4 December 2022 . en.
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