14th United States Congress explained

Number:	14th
Start:	March 4, 1815
End:	March 4, 1817
Vp:	Vacant
Pro Tem:	John Gaillard (DR)
Speaker:	Henry Clay (DR)
Senators:	38
Reps:	183
Delegates:	4
S-Majority:	Democratic-Republican
H-Majority:	Democratic-Republican
Sessionnumber1:	1st
Sessionstart1:	December 4, 1815
Sessionend1:	April 30, 1816
Sessionnumber2:	2nd
Sessionstart2:	December 2, 1816
Sessionend2:	March 3, 1817
Previous:	13th
Next:	15th
Imagename:	The Old Brick Capitol, the temporary Capitol while the U.S. Capitol was being renovated after the Burning of Washington.
Imagedate:	pictured here around 1861 in use as a Civil War prison

The 14th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1815, to March 4, 1817, during the seventh and eighth years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1810 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.

Major events

See main article: 1815 in the United States, 1816 in the United States and 1817 in the United States.

• November 1816: James Monroe defeated Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election.

Major legislation

• April 10, 1816: Establishment of the Second Bank of the United States
• April 27, 1816: Dallas tariff

Proposed, but not enacted

• March 3, 1817: Bonus Bill of 1817 (vetoed)

Treaties

• August 24, 1816: Treaty of St. Louis signed

States admitted and territories organized

• December 11, 1816: Indiana was admitted as the 19th state,
• March 3, 1817: Alabama Territory was created from a portion of the Mississippi Territory

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

During this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Indiana.

House of Representatives

During this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Indiana.

Leadership

Senate

• President: Vacant
• President pro tempore: John Gaillard (DR) of South Carolina, first elected December 4, 1815

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Henry Clay (DR) of Kentucky

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1820; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1816; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1818.

1. Samuel W. Dana (F)

3. David Daggett (F)

1. Outerbridge Horsey (F)

2. William H. Wells (F)

2. William W. Bibb (DR), until November 9, 1816

George Troup (DR), from November 13, 1816

3. Charles Tait (DR)

1. James Noble (DR), from December 11, 1816

3. Waller Taylor (DR), from December 11, 1816

2. William T. Barry (DR), until May 1, 1816

Martin D. Hardin (F), from November 13, 1816

3. Isham Talbot (DR)

2. James Brown (DR)

3. Eligius Fromentin (DR)

1. Robert Goodloe Harper (F), January 1816 – December 1816

Alexander C. Hanson (F), from December 20, 1816

3. Robert H. Goldsborough (F)

1. Christopher Gore (F), until May 30, 1816

Eli P. Ashmun (F), from June 12, 1816

2. Joseph Bradley Varnum (DR)

2. Thomas W. Thompson (F)

3. Jeremiah Mason (F)

1. James J. Wilson (DR)

2. John Condit (DR)

1. Nathan Sanford (DR)

3. Rufus King (F)

2. James Turner (DR), until November 21, 1816

Montfort Stokes (DR), from December 4, 1816

3. Francis Locke Jr. (DR), until December 5, 1815

Nathaniel Macon (DR), from December 13, 1815

1. Benjamin Ruggles (DR)

3. Jeremiah Morrow (DR)

1. Jonathan Roberts (DR)

3. Abner Lacock (DR)

1. William Hunter (F)

2. Jeremiah B. Howell (DR)

2. John Taylor (DR), until November 1816

William Smith (DR), from December 4, 1816

3. John Gaillard (DR)

1. George W. Campbell (DR), from October 10, 1815

2. Jesse Wharton (DR), until October 10, 1815

John Williams (DR), from October 10, 1815

1. Isaac Tichenor (F)

3. Dudley Chase (DR)

1. James Barbour (DR)

2. Armistead T. Mason (DR), from January 3, 1816

House of Representatives

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Epaphroditus Champion (F)

. John Davenport (F)

. Lyman Law (F)

. Jonathan O. Moseley (F)

. Timothy Pitkin (F)

. Lewis B. Sturges (F)

. Benjamin Tallmadge (F)

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Thomas Clayton (F)

. Thomas Cooper (F)

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Alfred Cuthbert (DR), until November 9, 1816

Zadock Cook (DR), from December 2, 1816

. John Forsyth (DR)

. Bolling Hall (DR)

. Wilson Lumpkin (DR)

. Thomas Telfair (DR)

. Richard Henry Wilde (DR)

. William Hendricks (DR), from December 11, 1816 (newly admitted state)

. James Clark (DR), until August 1816

Thomas Fletcher (DR), from December 2, 1816

. Henry Clay (DR), from October 30, 1815

. Richard M. Johnson (DR)

. Joseph Desha (DR)

. Alney McLean (DR)

. Solomon P. Sharp (DR)

. Samuel McKee (DR)

. Stephen Ormsby (DR)

. Micah Taul (DR)

. Benjamin Hardin (DR)

. Thomas B. Robertson (DR)

The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.

. Philip Stuart (F)

. John C. Herbert (F)

. Alexander C. Hanson (F), until ????, 1816

George Peter (F), from October 7, 1816

. George Baer Jr. (F)

. Nicholas R. Moore (DR), until ????, 1815

Samuel Smith (DR), from February 4, 1816

. William Pinkney (DR), until April 18, 1816

Peter Little (DR), from December 2, 1816

. Stevenson Archer (DR)

. Robert Wright (DR)

. Charles Goldsborough (F)

. Artemas Ward Jr. (F)

. Timothy Pickering (F)

. Jeremiah Nelson (F)

. Asahel Stearns (F)

. Elijah H. Mills (F)

. Samuel Taggart (F)

. John W. Hulbert (F)

. William Baylies (F)

. John Reed Jr. (F)

. Laban Wheaton (F)

. Elijah Brigham (F), until February 22, 1816

Benjamin Adams (F), from December 2, 1816

. Solomon Strong (F)

. Nathaniel Ruggles (F)

. Cyrus King (F)

. George Bradbury (F)

. Benjamin Brown (F)

. James Carr (F)

. Thomas Rice (F)

. Samuel S. Conner (DR)

. Albion K. Parris (DR)

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Charles H. Atherton (F)

. Bradbury Cilley (F)

. William Hale (F)

. Roger Vose (F)

. Daniel Webster (F)

. Jeduthun Wilcox (F)

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Ezra Baker (DR)

. Ephraim Bateman (DR)

. Benjamin Bennet (DR)

. Lewis Condict (DR)

. Henry Southard (DR)

. Thomas Ward (DR)

There were six plural districts, the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th, 20th & 21st, each had two representatives.

. Henry Crocheron (DR)

. George Townsend (DR)

. William Irving (DR)

. Peter H. Wendover (DR)

. Jonathan Ward (DR)

. Abraham H. Schenck (DR)

. Thomas P. Grosvenor (F)

. Jonathan Fisk (DR), until March ????, 1815

James W. Wilkin (DR), from December 4, 1815

. Samuel Betts (DR)

. Erastus Root (DR), from December 26, 1815

. John Lovett (F)

. Hosea Moffitt (F)

. John W. Taylor (DR)

. Asa Adgate (DR), from December 7, 1815

. John Savage (DR)

. John B. Yates (DR)

. Daniel Cady (F)

. James Birdsall (DR)

. Jabez D. Hammond (DR)

. Thomas R. Gold (F)

. Westel Willoughby Jr. (DR), from December 13, 1815

. Moss Kent (F)

. Victory Birdseye (DR)

. Oliver C. Comstock (DR)

. Enos T. Throop (DR), until June 4, 1816

Daniel Avery (DR), from December 3, 1816

. Micah Brooks (DR),

. Peter B. Porter (DR), until January 23, 1816

Archibald S. Clarke (DR), from December 2, 1816

. William H. Murfree (DR)

. Joseph H. Bryan (DR)

. James W. Clark (DR)

. William Gaston (F)

. William R. King (DR), until November 4, 1816

Charles Hooks (DR), from December 2, 1816

. Nathaniel Macon (DR), until December 13, 1815

Weldon N. Edwards (DR), from February 7, 1816

. John Culpepper (F)

. Richard Stanford (DR), until April 9, 1816

Samuel Dickens (DR), from December 2, 1816

. Bartlett Yancey (DR)

. William C. Love (DR)

. Daniel M. Forney (DR)

. Israel Pickens (DR)

. Lewis Williams (DR)

. John McLean (DR), until ????, 1816

William Henry Harrison (DR), from December 2, 1816

. John Alexander (DR)

. William Creighton Jr. (DR)

. James Caldwell (DR)

. James Kilbourne (DR)

. David Clendenin (DR)

There were six plural districts, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, the 1st had four representatives.

. Joseph Hopkinson (F)

. William Milnor (F)

. Thomas Smith (F)

. Jonathan Williams (DR), until May 16, 1815

John Sergeant (F), from December 6, 1815

. William Darlington (DR)

. John Hahn (DR)

. James M. Wallace (DR), from October 10, 1815

. John Whiteside (DR)

. Hugh Glasgow (DR)

. William Crawford (DR)

. William Maclay (DR)

. Samuel D. Ingham (DR)

. John Ross (DR)

. Joseph Hiester (DR)

. William Piper (DR)

. David Bard (DR), until March 12, 1815

Thomas Burnside (DR), from December 11, 1815, until April ????, 1816

William P. Maclay (DR), from December 3, 1816

. Jared Irwin (DR)

. William Wilson (DR)

. William Findley (DR)

. Aaron Lyle (DR)

. Isaac Griffin (DR)

. John Woods (F)

. Thomas Wilson (DR)

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. John L. Boss Jr. (F)

. James B. Mason (F)

. Henry Middleton (DR)

. William Lowndes (DR)

. Benjamin Huger (F)

. John J. Chappell (DR)

. William Woodward (DR)

. John C. Calhoun (DR)

. John Taylor (DR)

. Thomas Moore (DR)

. William Mayrant (DR), until October 21, 1816

Stephen D. Miller (DR), from January 2, 1817

. Samuel Powell (DR)

. John Sevier (DR), until September 24, 1815

William G. Blount (DR), from January 8, 1816

. Isaac Thomas (DR)

. Bennett H. Henderson (DR)

. Newton Cannon (DR)

. James B. Reynolds (DR)

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Daniel Chipman (F), until May 5, 1816

. Luther Jewett (F)

. Chauncey Langdon (F)

. Asa Lyon (F)

. Charles Marsh (F)

. John Noyes (F)

. John G. Jackson (DR)

. Magnus Tate (F)

. Henry St. George Tucker (DR)

. William McCoy (DR)

. James Breckinridge (F)

. Daniel Sheffey (F)

. Ballard Smith (DR)

. Joseph Lewis Jr. (F)

. John P. Hungerford (DR)

. Aylett Hawes (DR)

. Philip P. Barbour (DR)

. William H. Roane (DR)

. Burwell Bassett (DR)

. William A. Burwell (DR)

. Matthew Clay (DR), until May 27, 1815

John Kerr (DR), from December 5, 1815

. John Randolph (DR)

. James Pleasants (DR)

. Thomas Gholson Jr. (DR), until July 4, 1816

Thomas M. Nelson (DR), from December 6, 1816

. Peterson Goodwyn (DR)

. James Johnson (DR)

. Thomas Newton Jr. (DR)

. Hugh Nelson (DR)

. John Clopton (DR), until September 11, 1816

John Tyler (DR), from December 17, 1816

Non-voting members

. Benjamin Stephenson

Nathaniel Pope

. Jonathan Jennings, until December 11, 1816

. William Lattimore

. Rufus Easton, until August 5, 1816

John Scott, August 6, 1816 – January 13, 1817

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate.

|-| Tennessee
(1)| Vacant| style="font-size:80%" | For unknown reasons, a Senator was not elected until after the term began.
Winner elected October 10, 1815.| | George W. Campbell (DR)| Took seat October 10, 1815

|-| Tennessee
(2)| | Jesse Wharton (DR)| style="font-size:80%" | Appointee was not elected to finish the term.
Successor elected October 10, 1815.
| | John Williams (DR)| Seated October 10, 1815

|-| North Carolina
(3)| | Francis Locke Jr.| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned when successor was elected, having never qualified.
Successor elected December 5, 1815 to finish term.^[1] | | Nathaniel Macon (DR)| Seated December 13, 1815

|-| Virginia
(2)| Vacant| style="font-size:80%" | Resignation of William B. Giles (DR) in the previous congress.
Successor elected January 3, 1816 to finish the term.| | Armistead T. Mason (DR)| Took seat January 3, 1816

|-| Maryland
(1)| Vacant| style="font-size:80%" | Legislature failed to elect in time for the term.
Successor elected January 29, 1816 for the term.^[2] | | Robert G. Harper (F)| Took seat January 29, 1816

|-| Kentucky
(2)| | William T. Barry (DR)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned May 1, 1816 after being appointed to a judicial position.
Successor appointed November 13, 1816, to continue the term and then finished the term either by special election or by the appointment.| | Martin D. Hardin (F)| Seated November 13, 1816

|-| Massachusetts
(1)| | Christopher Gore (F)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned May 30, 1816.
Successor elected June 12, 1816, to finish the term.| | Eli P. Ashmun (F)| Seated June 12, 1816

|-| South Carolina
(2)| | John Taylor (DR)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 1816.
Successor elected December 4, 1816, to finish the term.| | William Smith (DR)| Seated December 4, 1816

|-| Georgia
(2)| | William W. Bibb (DR)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 9, 1816 after being appointed Governor of Alabama Territory.
Successor elected November 13, 1816, to finish the term, having already been elected to the next term.| | George Troup (DR)| Seated November 13, 1816

|-| North Carolina
(2)| | James Turner (DR)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 21, 1816 due to ill health.
Successor elected December 4, 1816, to finish the term.| | Montfort Stokes (DR)| Seated December 4, 1816

|-| Maryland
(1)| | Robert G. Harper (F)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 6, 1816.
Successor elected December 20, 1816, to finish the term.| | Alexander C. Hanson (F)| Seated December 20, 1816

|-| Indiana
(1)| rowspan=2 | New seats| rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11, 1816.| | James Noble (DR)| rowspan=2 | Seated December 11, 1816

|-| Indiana
(3)| | Waller Taylor (DR)|}

House of Representatives

See main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives.

|-| | Vacant| Member-elect Benjamin Pond died during previous congress| | Asa Adgate (DR)| December 7, 1815

|-| | Vacant| Amos Ellmaker resigned on July 3, 1815, upon State appointment as judge | | James M. Wallace (DR)| December 4, 1815

|-| | Vacant| Seat declared vacant by the governor, “caused by the acceptance of Henry Clay to sign a commercial convention as Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain”, but Clay was elected to fill his own vacancy| | Henry Clay (DR)| December 4, 1815

|-| | Vacant| Credentials for incumbent William S. Smith (F) were issued by the Secretary of State of New York, but Smith did not take or claim the seat, contested by Willoughby Jr.| | Westel Willoughby Jr. (DR)| December 13, 1815

|-| | Vacant| Credentials for John Adams (F) were issued by the Secretary of State of New York, but Adams did not take or claim the seat, contested by Root| | Erastus Root (DR)| December 26, 1815

|-| | | Nicholas R. Moore (DR)| Resigned sometime in 1815 before Congress convened| | Samuel Smith (DR)| February 4, 1816

|-| | | Jonathan Fisk (DR)| Resigned sometime in March, 1815, upon appointment as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York| | James W. Wilkin (DR)| December 4, 1815

|-| | | David Bard (DR)| Died March 12, 1815| | Thomas Burnside (DR)| December 11, 1815

|-| | | Jonathan Williams (DR)| Died May 16, 1815| | John Sergeant (F)| December 6, 1815

|-| | | Matthew Clay (DR)| Died May 27, 1815| | John Kerr (DR)| December 5, 1815

|-| | | John Sevier (DR)| Died September 24, 1815| | William G. Blount (DR)| January 8, 1816

|-| | | Nathaniel Macon (DR)| Resigned December 13, 1815, after being elected to the U.S. Senate| | Weldon N. Edwards (DR)| February 7, 1816

|-| | | Alexander C. Hanson (F)| Resigned sometime in 1816| | George Peter (F)| October 7, 1816

|-| | | John McLean (DR)| Resigned sometime in 1816| | William Henry Harrison (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | Peter B. Porter (DR)| Resigned January 23, 1816| | Archibald S. Clarke (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | Elijah Brigham (F)| Died February 22, 1816| | Benjamin Adams (F)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | Thomas Burnside (DR)| Resigned April, 1816| | William P. Maclay (DR)| December 3, 1816

|-| | | Richard Stanford (DR)| Died April 9, 1816| | Samuel Dickens (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | William Pinkney (DR)| Resigned April 18, 1816, upon appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia| | Peter Little (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | Daniel Chipman (F)| Resigned May 5, 1816| colspan=2 | Vacant until next Congress

|-| | | Enos T. Throop (DR)| Resigned June 4, 1816| | Daniel Avery (DR)| December 3, 1816

|-| | | Thomas Gholson Jr. (DR)| Died July 4, 1816| | Thomas M. Nelson (DR)| December 4, 1816

|-| | | James Clark (DR)| Resigned sometime in August, 1816| | Thomas Fletcher (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | Rufus Easton| Served throughout the first session; Scott presented credentials at the beginning of the second session and was contested by Easton| John Scott| December 2, 1816

|-| | Benjamin Stephenson| Term ended September 3, 1816| Nathaniel Pope| December 2, 1816

|-| | | John Clopton (DR)| Died September 11, 1816| | John Tyler (DR)| December 17, 1816

|-| | | William Mayrant (DR)| Resigned October 21, 1816| | Stephen D. Miller (DR)| January 2, 1817

|-| | | William R. King (DR)| Resigned November 4, 1816| | Charles Hooks (DR)| December 2, 1816

|-| | | Alfred Cuthbert (DR)| Resigned November 9, 1816| | Zadock Cook (DR)| January 23, 1817

|-| | Jonathan Jennings (Territorial delegate)| Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11, 1816| | William Hendricks (DR)| December 11, 1816

|-| | John Scott| His election was contested by his predecessor Easton. On January 13, 1817, the election was declared illegal, but the seat was declared vacant.| Vacant until next Congress

|}

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

• Attorney General's Office (Select)
• Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Abner Lacock)
• Claims (Chairman: Jonathan Roberts)
• Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: William Hunter)
• Compensation of Members of Congress (Select)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Armistead Mason)
• Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Eligius Fromentin)
• Finance (Select)
• Indiana Admission to the Union (Select)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Dudley Chase)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: John Williams)
• Militia (Chairman: Joseph Varnum)
• Memorial of the Mississippi Territory (Chairman: N/A)
• National University (Chairman: N/A)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: Charles Tait)
• Pensions (Chairman: Jeremiah Howell)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: James J. Wilson)
• Public Lands (Chairman: Jeremiah Morrow)
• Slave Trade (Select)
• Weights and Measures (Select)
• Whole

House of Representatives

• Accounts (Chairman: John McLean then Peter Little)
• Assent of Congress to an Act of the Virginia Legislature (Select)
• Attorney General's Office (Select)
• Banks of the District of Columbia (Select)
• Berkshire Association (Select)
• Bible Society of Philadelphia (Select)
• Bonus of the National Banks (Select)
• Bounty Lands Communication (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Bartlett Yancey)
• Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr.)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Henry S. Tucker)
• Elections (Chairman: John W. Taylor)
• Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Stevenson Archer)
• Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: Newton Cannon)
• Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: John B. Yates)
• Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
• Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Erastus Root)
• Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Lewis Condict)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Hugh Nelson)
• Pensions and Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: John J. Chappell)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Samuel D. Ingham)
• Private Land Claims (Chairman: Solomon P. Sharp)
• Public Expenditures (Chairman: William H. Murfree then Israel Pickens)
• Public Lands (Chairman: Thomas B. Robertson)
• Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Lewis Condict)
• Rules (Select)
  • Standards of Official Conduct Ways and Means (Chairman: William Lowndes)
• Whole

Joint committees

• Enrolled Bills

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

• Architect of the Capitol: Benjamin Latrobe, from April 6, 1815
• Librarian of Congress: George Watterston

Senate

• Chaplain: Jesse Lee (Methodist), until December 8, 1815
  • John Glendie (Presbyterian), elected December 8, 1815
  • Sereno Edwards Dwight, (Congregationalist) elected December 16, 1816
• Secretary: Charles Cutts
• Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Obadiah B. Brown (Baptist), until December 7, 1815
  • Spencer H. Cone (Baptist), December 7, 1815 – December 2, 1816
  • Burgiss Allison (Baptist), elected December 2, 1816
• Clerk: Thomas Dougherty
• Doorkeeper: Thomas Claxton
• Reading Clerks:
• Sergeant at Arms: Thomas Dunn

See also

• 1814 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
  • 1814–15 United States Senate elections
  • 1814–15 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1816 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • 1816 United States presidential election
  • 1816–17 United States Senate elections
  • 1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections

References

• Book: Martis, Kenneth C.. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. 1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
• Book: Martis, Kenneth C.. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. 1982. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789–1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
• Book: Congressional Directory for the 14th Congress, 2nd Session .

Notes and References

1. Web site: NC US Senate – Special Election . Our Campaigns . January 6, 2008 . February 24, 2015.
2. Web site: Our Campaigns . MD US Senate . August 29, 2004 . February 27, 2015.