14th Street–Union Square station explained

14 Street–Union Square
Type:complex
Division:IRT/BMT
Line:BMT Broadway Line
BMT Canarsie Line
IRT Lexington Avenue Line
Service:Union Square
Connection: NYCT Bus:
Address:East 14th Street, Park Avenue South & Broadway
New York, NY
Borough:Manhattan
Locale:Union Square
Coordinates:40.7347°N -73.9903°W
Structure:Underground
Levels:3
Accessible:partial
Acc Note:BMT Broadway Line & BMT Canarsie Line platforms only
Embedded:
Embed:yes
14th Street–Union Square Subway Station (IRT; Dual System BMT)
Added:July 6, 2005
Mpsub:New York City Subway System MPS
Refnum:05000671

The 14th Street–Union Square station is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the BMT Broadway Line, the BMT Canarsie Line and the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. It is located at the intersection of Fourth Avenue and 14th Street, underneath Union Square Park in Manhattan. The complex is near the border of several neighborhoods, including the East Village to the southeast, Greenwich Village to the south and southwest, Chelsea to the northwest, and both the Flatiron District and Gramercy Park to the north and northeast. The 14th Street–Union Square station is served by the,,,, and trains at all times; the and trains at all times except late nights; the W train on weekdays; and <6> train weekdays in the peak direction.

The Lexington Avenue Line platforms were built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as an express station on the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. As part of the Dual Contracts, the Broadway Line platforms opened in 1917 and the Canarsie Line platform opened in 1924. Several modifications have been made to the stations over the years, and they were combined on July 1, 1948. The complex was renovated in the 1990s and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The Lexington Avenue Line station has two abandoned side platforms, two island platforms, and four tracks, while the parallel Broadway Line station has two island platforms and four tracks. The Canarsie Line station, crossing under both of the other stations, has one island platform and two tracks. Numerous elevators make most of the complex, except for the Lexington Avenue Line station, compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). In 2019, over 32 million passengers entered this station, making it the fourth-busiest station in the system.

History

First subway

Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act.[1] The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.[2] A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900,[3] in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.

The 14th Street station was constructed as part of the route segment from Great Jones Street to 41st Street. Construction on this section of the line began on September 12, 1900. The section from Great Jones Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 33rd Street was awarded to Holbrook, Cabot & Daly Contracting Company. Two streetcar tracks on Union Square East were temporarily relocated to one side of the street while contractors excavated through solid rock on the site.[4] During the line's construction, the contractors installed a temporary compressed-air plant in Union Square, prompting a lawsuit from the operator of a nearby hotel.[5] The New York Court of Appeals ruled in 1902 that the contractors had to disassemble the compressed-air plant and to stop storing materials in Union Square Park.[6] By late 1903, the subway was nearly complete, but the IRT Powerhouse and the system's electrical substations were still under construction, delaying the system's opening.[7] The 14th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.[1]

The opening of the 14th Street station turned Union Square into a major transportation hub.[8] [9] With the northward relocation of the city's theater district, Union Square became a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings, as well as numerous office buildings.[10] [11] Initially, the IRT station was served by local and express trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). West Side local trains had their southern terminus at City Hall during rush hours and South Ferry at other times, and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street, Lenox Avenue (145th Street), or West Farms (180th Street).[12] Express trains to 145th Street were later eliminated, and West Farms express trains and rush-hour Broadway express trains operated through to Brooklyn.[13] As part of an experiment to improve the subway line's ventilation, the Rapid Transit Commission installed large fans at the 14th Street station in July 1905.[14] [15]

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway.[16] As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.[17] At the 14th Street station, the northbound island platform was extended north and south, while the southbound island platform was extended north, necessitating the replacement of some structural steel north of the intersection of Fourth Avenue and 13th Street.[17] Gap fillers were added to the southbound island platform at this time.[18] Six-car local trains began operating in October 1910. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the Lenox Avenue Line, and the following day, ten-car express trains were inaugurated on the West Side Line.[19] In 1918, the Lexington Avenue Line opened north of Grand Central–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. All trains at the 14th Street–Union Square station were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line.[20]

Dual Contracts

After the original IRT opened, the city began planning new lines. The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route (later the Broadway Line) on December 31, 1907.[1] A proposed Tri-borough system was adopted in early 1908, incorporating the Broadway Line. Operation of the line was assigned to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; after 1923, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT[21]) in the Dual Contracts, adopted on March 4, 1913. The Dual Contracts also entailed a subway route under 14th Street, to run to Canarsie in Brooklyn; this became the BMT's Canarsie Line.[1] [22]

Broadway Line

In May 1913, the Public Service Commission began receiving bids for Section 4 of the Broadway Line, between Houston Street and Union Square. This was the first construction contract to be placed for bidding after the Dual Contracts had been signed.[23] The next month, the Dock Contractor Company submitted a low bid of $2.578 million.[24] [25] This section was to include a station at Union Square between 14th and 16th Streets.[26] [27] Local civic group Broadway Association and various property owners objected to the fact that Dock Contractor was to receive the contract, citing the firm's lack of experience.[28] [29] The Public Service Commission approved Dock Contractor's bid despite these objections,[30] and the contract was awarded later that month.[31] The section between 16th and 26th Streets was awarded to the E. E. Smith Construction Company in September 1913 for $2.057 million (equivalent to $ million in).[32]

From the outset, the 14th Street–Union Square station was intended as an express station on the Broadway Line.[33] To save money, the station was built using an open cut method. A 120-wideNaN-wide strip of land, running diagonally through Union Square Park, was closed and excavated.[34] By late 1913, large portions of Union Square Park had been demolished for the construction of the Broadway Line's Union Square station.[35] New York City's parks commissioner promised members of the public that the park would be remodeled after the station was finished. Because the Dual Contracts specified that the street surfaces needed to remain intact during the system's construction, a temporary web of timber supports was erected to support the streets overhead while the BMT platforms were being constructed.

The Broadway Line south of 14th Street was near completion by February 1916,[36] [37] and workers began restoring the section of Union Square Park above the 14th Street station.[38] The same month, the Public Service Commission began accepting bids for the installation of finishes at seven stations on the Broadway Line from Rector Street to 14th Street. D. C. Gerber submitted a $346,000 low bid for the finishes.[39] The section of the line north of 14th Street, by contrast, was still incomplete.[40] Although it was technically possible for the BRT to terminate trains at Union Square, the line would not be profitable until it was extended at least to 34th Street. The Broadway Line's 14th Street–Union Square station opened on September 4, 1917, as the northern terminus of the first section of the line between 14th Street and Canal Street. Initially, it only served local trains.[41] [42] Within three months of the Broadway Line station's opening, the 14th Street–Union Square station recorded more daily passengers than either the Grand Central–42nd Street station or the Brooklyn Bridge–Chambers Street station, leading Women's Wear to describe the Union Square complex as "probably the world's greatest underground traffic point".[43]

On January 5, 1918, the Broadway Line was extended north to Times Square–42nd Street and south to Rector Street, and express service started on the line.[44] For about three weeks, a shuttle service ran between Union Square and Times Square. Local trains from Brooklyn began running through to Times Square on January 27.[45] While local trains terminated at the Times Square station, express trains from Brooklyn continued to terminate at Union Square until a northward extension to 57th Street opened in July 1919, allowing express trains to operate to Times Square.[46] [47] To aid navigation, in 1920, the BRT installed illuminated signs on the southbound platforms of Union Square and two other Broadway Line stations.[48]

Canarsie Line

At Union Square, the BRT's Canarsie Line was to pass under both the Broadway and Lexington Avenue lines.[49] Booth and Flinn was awarded the first contract for the line, namely a tunnel under the East River, in January 1916.[50] At the time, the Public Service Commission was completing plans for the rest of the line;[51] the commission began accepting bids for two parts of the line within Manhattan, sections 1 and 2. in April 1916.[52] The next month, Booth and Flinn won the contract for section 1, which was to cost $2.528 million (equivalent to $ million in).[53] By early 1919, the section of the line under 14th Street was about 20 percent completed.[54]

In 1922, the Charles H. Brown & Son Corporation was contracted to build out the Canarsie Line's stations in Manhattan, including the Union Square station.[55] Track-laying in the tunnels between Sixth and Montrose Avenues started in the last week of October 1922.[56] [57] A passageway between the Broadway and Canarsie Line stations at Union Square was completed in late 1923.[58] The Canarsie Line station at Union Square opened on June 30, 1924, as the second-westernmost stop on the 14th Street–Eastern Line, which ran from Sixth Avenue under the East River and through Williamsburg to Montrose and Bushwick Avenues.[59] [60] Service was extended east to Canarsie on July 14, 1928, stopping at Union Square.[61] [62] The extension of service to Canarsie and Sixth Avenue reduced overcrowding at the Canal Street station in Lower Manhattan.[63]

1920s and 1930s modifications

In 1922, the Rapid Transit Commission awarded a contract to the Wagner Engineering Company for the installation of navigational signs at the Union Square station and several other major subway stations. The IRT platforms received blue-and-white signs, while the BMT platforms received red-white-and-green navigational signs.[64] [65] The Broadway Line station's platforms originally could only fit six 67-longNaN-long cars. In 1926, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) received bids for the lengthening of platforms at nine stations on the Broadway Line, including the 14th Street station, to accommodate eight-car trains. Edwards & Flood submitted a low bid of $101,750 for the project.[66] The platform-lengthening project was completed in 1927, bringing the length of the Broadway Line platforms to 535feet.[67] [68]

In May 1928, the New York City Board of Estimate awarded a $607,223 contract to improve transfers between the Canarsie and Broadway lines at Union Square,[69] which was expected to help relieve crowding at Canal Street.[70] The low bidder was the Hart & Early Co. Work on the transfer between the Broadway and Canarsie lines began that August.[71] The project involved constructing a 30000ft2 mezzanine and raising and re-landscaping the adjacent portion of Union Square Park to provide enough headroom.[72] Existing statues in the park were relocated as part of improvements to the park. In addition, the contractor added twelve stairs from the mezzanine to the Broadway Line platforms and twelve stairs from the mezzanine to the Canarsie Line platform. The mezzanine and stairs were intended to accommodate 2,000 passengers per minute in either direction, and the rebuilt station would be capable of accommodating 50 million passengers per year.[73] At the time, the Union Square station was one of the city's busiest, with 52 million annual passengers.[74] The renovation was nearly completed by mid-1931.[75] [76]

Later years

1940s to 1970s

The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940,[77] [78] and the IRT's operations on June 12.[79] [80] In September 1945, the New York City Club presented a proposal for improving service on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. The 14th Street–Union Square station on the IRT line would have been relocated about northward, requiring the closure of the 18th Street station. Since the plan entailed having local trains terminate at 14th Street instead of at City Hall, the local platforms would be rebuilt at a lower level, with a crossover next to the station. In addition, all local trains would be lengthened from six to ten cars. This plan was not implemented.[81] The transfer between the IRT and BMT platforms was placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948.[82] As part of a pilot program, the BOT installed three-dimensional advertisements at the Union Square station in late 1948.[83] [84] The BOT studied the feasibility of building an underpass from the station to the eastern side of Union Square East at 15th Street in January 1949,[85] [86] and Loft Inc. opened a candy store in the BMT mezzanine that April.[87] [88]

During 1956, the Central Savings Bank and Union Square Savings Bank both opened branches on the Union Square station's mezzanine.[89] The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) lengthened both of the Lexington Avenue Line platforms by as part of a $1.3 million project that was completed at the beginning of 1958. After the extensions were completed, the NYCTA began requiring that, during PM rush hours, alighting Lexington Avenue Line riders use only one of the staircases on the northbound platform to reduce congestion.[90] In the 1960s, the NYCTA started a project to lengthen station platforms on the Broadway Line to 615feet to accommodate 10-car trains.[91] As part of the project, the Broadway Line platforms at Union Square were extended 85feet to the north.[92] Additionally, the NYCTA installed a closed-circuit television system on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms in 1965 as part of a pilot program to deter crime there.[93]

Efforts were made to renovate the Union Square station during the late 1970s as part of an effort to redevelop the area around Union Square.[94] During this time, $1.2 million was raised for a renovation of the Union Square station.[95] [96] This included $120,000 raised by the 14th Street–Union Square Area Project and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), as well as $900,000 from the federal government.[97] The renovation, which was limited to the complex's mezzanine level, coincided with the original IRT line's 75th anniversary.[98] Local civic groups, the MTA, and the New York City Transit Authority began soliciting bids for the station's renovation in December 1978.[99] The project included relocating turnstiles away from hallways, closing or straightening some passageways, removing most concession stands,[100] and relocating a district headquarters for the New York City Transit Police to the station.[101] The renovation, which had been completed by 1980, was one of the first such projects conducted through the MTA's Adopt-a-Station program.[102]

1980s and early 1990s

The MTA evicted 25 businesses, who occupied a combined, from the station's mezzanine in 1981 to free up space.[103] That year, the MTA listed the Union Square station on the Lexington Avenue Line among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system.[104] The MTA provided funding for a further renovation of the Union Square station in its 1985–1989 capital plan.[105] By 1982, the entrances in the southern portion of Union Square were to be renovated as part of a refurbishment of Union Square Park.[106] The entrances had been renovated by 1985.[107] [108] [109] The MTA also renovated of storefronts at the station in 1984.[110] Seven storefronts received glass enclosures.[111] During the mid-1980s, the New York City Department of City Planning prepared zoning guidelines for the Union Square area, which would allow a greater maximum floor area ratio in exchange for subway improvements.[112] William Zeckendorf, who was developing the adjacent Zeckendorf Towers, agreed in 1984 to build and maintain subway entrances within Zeckendorf Towers as "a public benefit", in exchange for being allowed to increase the towers' floor area by 20 percent.[113] [114] This was because of zoning rules that required many developers in Lower Manhattan, Midtown Manhattan, and Downtown Brooklyn to relocate and maintain subway entrances that were formerly on the street.[115] In exchange for adding and maintaining an entrance with escalators and elevators at the building's base, Zeckendorf was allowed to add to his building. The Zeckendorf plan received some opposition from members of the public[116] but was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate in early 1985.[117] As part of the construction of Zeckendorf Towers the 14th Street–Union Square station was partially renovated in the late 1980s. The modifications included a modification of the mezzanine, a new station entrance with escalators under Zeckendorf Towers, and a new station entrance at 15th Street. In addition, to speed up passenger flow, dozens of platform conductors were assigned to direct crowds on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms during the late 1980s.[118]

On August 28, 1991, an accident just north of the IRT station killed five passengers and injured 215 others in one of the deadliest incidents in New York City Subway history. The derailment occurred at the entry to a former pocket track on the Lexington Avenue Line station, which was removed after the accident.[119] [120] The operator of a southbound 4 train was supposed to switch to the local track because the express track was being repaired. The train was traveling 40mph in a 10mph zone, and the train derailed after the first car traveled through the switch. Five cars were damaged heavily, being scrapped on site, and the track infrastructure suffered heavy structural damage as a result.[121] The entire infrastructure, including signals, switches, track, roadbed, cabling, and 23 support columns were replaced.[122]

1990s renovation

In April 1993, the New York State Legislature agreed to give the MTA $9.6 billion for capital improvements. Some of the funds would be used to renovate nearly one hundred New York City Subway stations,[123] [124] including all three stations at 14th Street–Union Square.[125] On July 9, 1993, the contract for the project's design was awarded for $2.993 million. As part of the contract, the consultant investigated whether the MTA could reconfigure the IRT passageway, reframe the exit structure on the Lexington Avenue platforms to accommodate the relocation and widening of stairs, build a new fan room, remove stairs on the Broadway Line platforms, reframe the existing structure, and rebuild a new staircase between the intermediate and IRT mezzanines. After the consultant deemed that all of these modifications were feasible, in May 1994, the MTA and the consultant reached a supplemental agreement worth $984,998 to allow the consultant to prepare designs.[126] Lee Harris Pomeroy prepared plans for the project, which was to cost $38.5 million and start in December 1994, with a new entrance pavilion and elevator on the southeast corner of Union Square Park.[127] The same year, a New York City Transit Police station opened in the Broadway Line mezzanine.

A construction contract was ultimately signed in March 1995,[128] and NAB Construction Corp. was hired to renovate the station.[129] As part of the project, power infrastructure was upgraded to allow the construction of MetroCard vending machine equipment.[130] The station was also to receive color-coded signs (corresponding to the trunk colors of the services that stopped there), and six pieces of the station's original wall were to be displayed. The Union Square Greenmarket, directly above the station, was relocated during the renovation.[131] By 1996, the renovation project was running behind schedule.[132] The MTA had planned to install a forced-ventilation system in the station as part of a pilot program, but this was delayed. In addition, at least one staircase to the Canarsie Line platform was canceled, even though it would have relieved congestion. The MTA also canceled plans for a new subway entrance in Union Square Park because the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) refused to remove trees to make way for the entrance. Pomeroy claimed that NYC Parks would have had to remove one tree, while NYC Parks commissioner Henry Stern said the entrance would be expensive, inconveniently located, and require the removal of three trees.[133]

During the late 1990s, the MTA had received $1.6 million from The Related Companies, which had developed a building on the site of two subway entrances at Broadway and 14th Street. Local residents requested that the MTA spend the money to improve pedestrian access around Union Square.[134] Subsequently, mayor Rudy Giuliani announced plans in early 1998 to spend $2.6 million on an expansion of the park; the MTA agreed to contribute $400,000 toward the project.[135] [136] The expansion consisted of a pocket park in a traffic island at the southeast corner of Union Square, which was completed in 2000.[137]

The MTA announced in 1999 that it would begin installing a forced-ventilation system above the IRT platforms at Union Square.[138] The forced-ventilation system, consisting of 32 ceiling fans, was completed by July 2000 at a cost of $1 million.[139] [140] In addition, as part of a program to increase accessibility in the New York City Subway, the MTA had planned to install elevators to the Broadway Line and Canarsie Line platforms by 1998.[141] These elevators were not completed until 2000. Furthermore, elevators to the Lexington Avenue Line platforms could not be installed because the portions of the platforms under the mezzanine were too narrow. The project, which was finished in 2001, cost $40 million and increased the station's public space by 30 percent.

21st century

The station's token booths were shuttered in May 2005, after fare tokens were replaced with MetroCards; station agents were deployed elsewhere in the station to answer passengers' queries. This was part of a pilot program that was tested at seven other stations.[142]

As part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program and the L Project, several modifications were implemented on the platform to improve circulation and to reduce crowding. The stairs from the Broadway Line platforms were rebuilt in March 2019; the stair from the downtown Broadway Line platform was reconfigured entirely.[143] [144] Additionally, a new escalator was installed from the east mezzanine to the platform;[145] it cost around $15 million and opened on September 10, 2020.[146] [147] The Union Square Partnership proposed a $100 million overhaul of Union Square in 2021; the plans included a new subway entrance with escalator and elevator access.[148]

Station layout

GroundStreet levelExit/entrance
Basement 1MezzanineFare control, station agent
Basement 2
Lexington Avenue Line platforms		Side platform, not in service
Northbound local← toward or
← toward late nights (23rd Street)
(No service:)
Island platform
Northbound express← toward Woodlawn
← toward or (Grand Central–42nd Street)
Southbound express toward →
toward weekdays, evenings/weekends (Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall) →
Island platform
Southbound local toward Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall →
toward late nights (Astor Place) →
Side platform, not in service
Basement 2
Broadway Line platforms		Northbound local← toward
← toward weekdays (23rd Street)
← toward Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard late nights/weekends (23rd Street)
← toward late nights (23rd Street)
Island platform
Northbound express← toward Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard weekdays
← toward 96th Street (34th Street–Herald Square)
Southbound express toward via Sea Beach weekdays →
toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via Brighton (Canal Street) →
Island platform
Southbound local toward →
toward weekdays (Eighth Street–New York University) →
toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via Sea Beach late nights/weekends (Eighth Street–New York University) →
toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via Brighton late nights (Eighth Street–New York University)
Basement 3Westbound← toward
Island platform
Eastbound toward →

The IRT Lexington Avenue Line and BMT Broadway Line stations both run in a north–south direction and are both two levels below ground. The Lexington Avenue Line platforms are to the east, running under Fourth Avenue and Union Square East, while the Broadway Line platforms are to the west, running under Broadway and cutting directly under Union Square Park. The BMT Canarsie Line station runs west–east under both of the other stations, along 14th Street.[149]

A 480adj=midNaNadj=mid mezzanine stretches above the BMT Broadway Line platforms, ramping down to a control area at its south end, where there are stairs down to the Broadway Line platforms and transfers to the other platforms. The tops of the mezzanine and passageway walls are decorated with friezes made of raised geometric patterns on rectangular tiles. White-on-green tiles with the number "14" are placed at the tops of the walls at regular intervals, while white-on-green "Union Square" tablets are installed below the friezes. Rectangular red metal frames also surround sections of the original wall. The mezzanine is relatively shallow, and because it was built with insufficient clearance, Union Square Park was raised by 4feet to accommodate the station. The precinct house of New York City Police Department (NYPD)'s Transit District 4 is located on the mezzanine.[150]

Directly east of the control area at the south end of the BMT Broadway Line mezzanine, a 20feet corridor slopes down to the IRT mezzanine. There are two overpasses above the IRT platforms, connecting the station complex with exits on the east side of both Fourth Avenue and Union Square East. Galleries extend from the overpasses above the platforms, with stairs leading downward from the galleries to each island platform. Original faience plaques with the number "14" are in the southern end of the IRT mezzanine, near one of the entrances. Other decorations, such as a pale blue frieze, date from later renovations. Storefronts, as well as steel and glass enclosures, are located near the Zeckendorf Towers.

A corridor runs above the western side of the IRT station, connecting the two overpasses. Prior to the 1990s renovation, this corridor had been used as storage space.[151] Another staircase extends from the IRT mezzanine to a small mezzanine above the Canarsie Line platform. Another mezzanine on the western side of the station serves the Canarsie Line platform directly. There were several connecting passageways between the western Canarsie Line mezzanine and the larger concourse area above the Broadway Line. However, these passageways have been sealed off. The passageways to the Canarsie Line platform is decorated with cruciform borders similar to those in the other passageways.

Artwork

Framing Union Square, by Mary Miss, is a station-wide art installation commissioned as part of the MTA Arts & Design program.[152] [153] It consists of six wall segments on the corridor above the western side of the IRT station, which were originally part of a double-height wall adjacent to the IRT station's southbound local platform. The wall segments have faience cornices, mosaic tile borders, and plaques of eagles. Bright red frames surround objects such as mosaics, cables, and bolts. According to Miss, the artwork was intended to invite "the public to look below the surface, to see a 'slice' of the station, its structure, its history". In 2005, an artwork called City Glow by Chiho Aoshima was installed within an advertising space at the station.[154] [155]

Imprinted on the walls of the BMT mezzanine are over 3,000 stickers with the names of victims of the September 11 attacks, which were put up by artist John Lin and sixteen friends on September 10, 2002.[156] The stickers were not sanctioned by the MTA and have deteriorated since they were placed.[157] [158] Another work of street art, a temporary wall of Post-it notes known as "Subway Therapy", appeared on the station's walls after the 2016 United States presidential election but was removed after one month.[159] [160]

Exits

There are numerous entrances and exits to the station. An entrance with one stair, escalator bank, and elevator in the Zeckendorf Towers, at the northeast corner of 4th Avenue and 14th Street, connects with the southeast end of the station. This entrance provides Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) access to the station. The Zeckendorf Towers entrance is privately maintained;, the escalators there had been among the least reliable in the New York City Subway system for several years. There are two stairs to each of the southwest and southeast corners of the same intersection. All of these lead directly to the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine. One block to the west, two staircases on the south side of 14th Street between Broadway and University Place lead to the western Canarsie Line mezzanine.[161] A closed exit extended to the west side of Broadway between 13th and 14th Streets.[162]

The central portion of the station contains another exit from the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine to the Zeckendorf Towers, which leads to the southeast corner of Union Square East and 15th Street. There are also two stairs inside Union Square Park between 14th and 15th Streets. One is closer to Union Square West between these two streets, opposite the equestrian statue of George Washington, while the other is closer to Union Square East and 15th Street. These entrances are closest to the Broadway Line station. The Union Square Park entrances contain large polygonal metal-and-glass canopies, which date from a 1985 renovation of the park.

At the northern end of the station, two stairs rise to Union Square Park on the east side of Union Square West at 16th Street. These lead directly to the Broadway Line mezzanine.

IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms

14 Street–Union Square
Division:IRT
Line:IRT Lexington Avenue Line
Service:Lexington
Platforms:2 island platforms (in service)
cross-platform interchange
2 side platforms (abandoned)
Tracks:4
Cross Platform:yes
Open Date:[163]
Accessible:mezzanine
Hide Traffic:yes

The 14th Street–Union Square station is an express station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. The 4 and 6 trains stop here at all times; the 5 train stops here at all times except late nights; and the <6> train stops here during weekdays in the peak direction. The 5 train always makes express stops, and the 6 and <6> trains always make local stops; the 4 train makes express stops during the day and local stops at night. The next station northbound is for local trains and for express trains, while the next station southbound is for local trains and for express trains. When the subway opened, the next local stop to the north was ; that station closed in 1948.[164]

The station has four tracks and two island platforms. The uptown and downtown platforms are offset from each other, having been extended at their rear ends, and are curved. The island platforms allow for cross-platform interchanges between local and express trains heading in the same direction. Local trains use the outer tracks while express trains use the inner tracks. The island platforms were originally long, like the other express stations on the original IRT, but later were extended to . The platforms are 30feet wide at their widest point. Platform gap fillers on the downtown side use proximity sensors to detect when trains arrive, automatically extending when a train has stopped in the station. Unlike the rest of the complex, no elevators lead down to the Lexington Avenue Line platforms.[165] This is because the portions of the platforms under the mezzanine are too narrow for elevators. A 2020 study by Stantec found that, unless the downtown platform were rebuilt, it could never become fully accessible because of its "extreme curvature".[166] According to a separate report by engineering firm STV, it would be prohibitively expensive to relocate the southbound platform northward to eliminate the gap fillers.[167]

The station has two abandoned local side platforms; the northbound platform is visible through windows, bordered with wide, bright red frames. A combination of island and side platforms was also used at Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and 96th Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.[168]

Design

As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method.[169] The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough has a foundation of concrete no less than 4inches thick. Each platform consists of 3inches concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms have I-beam columns spaced every 15feet. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1abbr=NaNabbr= gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4abbr=NaNabbr=-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.

The walls near the tracks do not have any identifying motifs with the station's name, as all station identification signs are on the platforms. The trackside walls are clad with vertical white glass tiles. The original decorative scheme for the side platforms consisted of blue tile station-name tablets, blue and buff tile bands, a yellow faience cornice, and blue faience plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by faience contractor Grueby Faience Company. Above the IRT platforms are 32 ceiling fans, which were installed in 2000.

Track layout

Similar to at 72nd Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, there were originally additional tracks at the approach to either platform between each pair of local and express tracks. These tracks were approximately 300feet long and were used as "stacking" tracks, where trains could be held momentarily until the platform was clear and the train could enter the station. The tracks here and at 72nd Street were rendered useless when train lengths grew beyond these tracks' capacity. The track between the southbound tracks, north of the southbound platform, was removed as a result of the 1991 derailment. A similar track still exists between the northbound tracks south of the northbound platform.

BMT Broadway Line platforms

14 Street–Union Square
Division:BMT
Line:BMT Broadway Line
Service:Broadway
Platforms:2 island platforms
cross-platform interchange
Tracks:4
Accessible:yes
Acc Note:Transfer to IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms not accessible
Hide Traffic:yes

The 14th Street–Union Square station is an express station on the BMT Broadway Line that has four tracks and two island platforms. The N and Q stop here at all times. The R stops here except at night, while the W stops here only on weekdays during the day. The R and W always run on the local tracks. The N runs on the express tracks only on weekdays during the day and on the local tracks other times. The Q runs on the express tracks during the day and on the local tracks during the night. The next station northbound is for local trains and for express trains, while the next station southbound is for local trains and for express trains. The island platforms were originally 530feet long but were extended to in the early 1970s. Both platforms are 18feet wide.[170] The platforms are 30feet below the street. At the southern end of each platform, three stairs and an elevator lead to the mezzanine, and one stair leads to the Canarsie Line platforms. At the northern end of each platform, two stairs lead to the mezzanine.

The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough has a concrete foundation no less than 4inches thick. Each platform consists of 3inches concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms have I-beam columns spaced every 15feet; these columns are placed 3feet from the platform edge. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. The trackside walls also contain exposed I-beam columns, dividing the trackside walls into 5-foot-wide panels.

The panels on the trackside walls consist of white square ceramic tiles. A frieze with multicolored geometric patterns runs atop the trackside walls, with a square mosaic tile placed inside the frieze at intervals of three panels. A band of narrow green tiles runs along the left and right edges of each white-tiled panel, as well as below the frieze and mosaic tiles. The mosaic tiles, by Jay Van Everen, are part of a work entitled The junction of Broadway and Bowery Road, 1828, a reference to the two streets that intersect at Union Square.[171]

BMT Canarsie Line platform

Union Square
Other Name:14 Street–Union Square
Division:BMT
Line:BMT Canarsie Line
Service:Canarsie Manhattan
Platforms:1 island platform
Tracks:2
Accessible:yes
Acc Note:transfer to IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms not accessible
Hide Traffic:yes

The Union Square station (announced as 14th Street–Union Square on rolling stock) on the BMT Canarsie Line has two tracks and one island platform. The L train stops here at all times. The station is between to the west and to the east. Various stairs and an elevator go up from the platform to the mezzanine. A stair also leads directly to either of the Broadway Line platforms. An escalator leads directly from the Canarsie Line platform to the IRT mezzanine.

The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough has a concrete foundation no less than 4inches thick. The platform consists of 3inches concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platform contains I-beam columns spaced every 15feet; these columns are placed between 28and from the platform edge. The trackside walls also contain exposed I-beam columns, dividing the trackside walls into 5-foot-wide panels.

The panels on the trackside walls consist of white square ceramic tiles. A band of narrow green tiles runs along the left, right, and top edges of each white-tiled panel. A frieze with multicolored geometric patterns runs atop the trackside walls, with a hexagonal mosaic tile with the letter "U" placed inside the frieze at intervals of three panels.

Ridership

The 14th Street–Union Square station has historically ranked among the New York City Subway's busiest stations.[172] Although the station had only 14 million passengers in 1913,[173] this had increased to 40 million passengers per year in 1925 shortly after the opening of the Canarsie Line platform.[174] By the early 1930s, the complex recorded 52 million annual passengers.[74] The number of passengers entering the 14th Street–Union Square station annually declined over the years, from 22.702 million in 1963 to 17.168 million in 1973.[175]

By 2011, the Union Square station was the fourth-busiest in the system, behind the Times Square, Grand Central, and Herald Square stations;[172] at the time, an average of 107,352 riders entered the station every weekday.[176] In 2019, the station had 32,385,260 boardings, making it the fourth-most-used station in the -station system. This amounted to an average of 101,832 passengers per weekday. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, ridership dropped drastically in 2020, with only 10,830,712 passengers entering the station that year. However, it remained the system's fourth most-used station.[177] [178]

Further reading

External links

nycsubway.org:

Google Maps Street View:

Other websites:

Notes and References

  1. Book: Walker. James Blaine. Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917. 1918. Law Printing. New York, N.Y.. November 6, 2016.
  2. Web site: October 23, 1979. Interborough Rapid Transit System, Underground Interior. November 19, 2019. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200921135400/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1096.pdf. live.
  3. Book: Report of the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners for the City of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1904 Accompanied By Reports of the Chief Engineer and of the Auditor. Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. 1905. 229–236.
  4. News: November 24, 1901 . Features of the Subway's Building; Apparent Disregard of Expense on the Part of Contractors. Every Step, However, Has Been Carefully Calculated -- Shifting the Car Tracks at Union Square. . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125759/https://www.nytimes.com/1901/11/24/archives/features-of-the-subways-building-apparent-disregard-of-expense-on.html . live .
  5. News: June 12, 1902 . Rives to Pass on Decision . 6 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . newspapers.com . May 1, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125759/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123886958/rives-to-pass-on-decision/ . live .
  6. News: June 12, 1902 . Court Deals a Blow to Tunnel Contractors; Appeals Bench Decision Compels Clearance of Union Square. Victory of Proprietor Bates of Everett House May Affect Contractors Throughout Subway's Length. . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125759/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/06/12/archives/court-deals-a-blow-to-tunnel-contractors-appeals-bench-decision.html . live .
  7. News: November 14, 1903 . First of Subway Tests; West Side Experimental Trains to be Run by Jan. 1 Broadway Tunnel Tracks Laid, Except on Three Little Sections, to 104th Street -- Power House Delays. . en-US . The New York Times . May 10, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505030752/https://www.nytimes.com/1903/11/14/archives/first-of-subway-tests-west-side-experimental-trains-to-be-run-by.html . live .
  8. Web site: September 6, 1988. Germania Life Insurance Company Building. October 10, 2019. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 2. October 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191012005524/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1541.pdf. live.
  9. June 20, 1908. Plans for Everett House Site Improvement. The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 81. 1178. columbia.edu. 2101. December 27, 2020. September 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200918131155/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/pdf_files/ldpd_7031148_041_26.pdf. live.
  10. Web site: October 29, 2013. Tammany Hall. October 10, 2019. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 2. August 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133101/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2490.pdf. live.
  11. 198–203.
  12. Book: The Merchants' Association of New York Pocket Guide to New York. March 1906. Merchants' Association of New York. 19–26. en.
  13. Book: Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1916. 119. Herries. William. December 27, 2020. May 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210511155639/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081730503;view=1up;seq=151. live.
  14. News: July 15, 1905 . To Fan Out Subway Air: Tests Made at Brooklyn Bridge Station Reduce Temperature . 12 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  15. News: July 15, 1905 . Huge Fans Pump Out Stifling Subway Air; Three Were at Work Yesterday -- More To-day . en-US . The New York Times . May 12, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512185939/https://www.nytimes.com/1905/07/15/archives/huge-fans-pump-out-stifling-subway-air-three-were-at-work-yesterday.html . live .
  16. Web site: Hood. Clifton. 1978. The Impact of the IRT in New York City. December 20, 2020. Historic American Engineering Record. 146–207 (PDF pp. 147–208) . January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117001227/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/pnp/habshaer/ny/ny0300/ny0387/data/ny0387data.pdf. live.
  17. Book: Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1910. 1911. Public Service Commission. en. January 7, 2021. January 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120015525/https://books.google.com/books?id=0fBLAQAAMAAJ&q=%20zoological%20station&pg=PA596. live.
  18. Web site: Kolker . Robert . February 23, 2016 . How a Single Mechanical Failure Sparked 625 MTA Delays . May 2, 2023 . Intelligencer . October 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223923/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/02/mta-one-day-625-delays.html . live .
  19. News: Ten-car Trains in Subway to-day; New Service Begins on Lenox Av. Line and Will Be Extended to Broadway To-morrow.. January 23, 1911. The New York Times. April 5, 2018. en-US. 0362-4331. April 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180405224750/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/01/23/archives/tencar-trains-in-subway-today-new-service-begins-on-lenox-av-line.html. live.
  20. News: August 2, 1918. Open New Subway Lines to Traffic; Called a Triumph — Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction — No Hitch in the Plans — But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations — Thousands Go Astray — Leaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor. 1. The New York Times. November 6, 2016. February 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210221065215/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/08/02/97011929.pdf. live.
  21. Book: State of New York Transit Commission Third Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1923 . New York State Transit Commission . v. 3 . 1924 . 501 . May 30, 2023 . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530000036/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFxLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA501 . live .
  22. News: March 20, 1913 . Subway Contracts Solemnly Signed; Cheers at the Ceremonial Function When McCall Gets Willcox to Attest. . en-US . The New York Times . live . January 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021115/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/20/100611839.pdf . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  23. News: May 24, 1913 . Plan for the B.R.T. Under Broadway; First to be Prepared for Letting Since the Signing of the Agreements. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125759/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/05/24/archives/plan-for-the-brt-under-broadway-first-to-be-prepared-for-letting.html . live .
  24. News: June 25, 1913 . Open Bids for Subway; Dock Company Expected to Get First Section Advertised. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125800/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/06/25/archives/open-bids-for-subway-dock-company-expected-to-get-first-section.html . live .
  25. News: June 24, 1913 . Subway Progress . 1 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125800/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123820567/subway-progress/ . live .
  26. News: September 7, 1913 . Subway's Progress Mars Union Square; Fine Old Shade Trees Fall Under the Axe and May Never Be Replaced in the Park. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125804/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/09/07/archives/subways-progress-mars-union-square-fine-old-shade-trees-fall-under.html . live .
  27. News: June 24, 1913 . Subway Progress . 1 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125800/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123820567/subway-progress/ . live .
  28. News: July 10, 1913 . Object to Lowest Subway Bidder; Broadway Association and Property Owners Want Broadway Contract Awarded the Next. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125802/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/07/10/archives/object-to-lowest-subway-bidder-broadway-association-and-property.html . live .
  29. News: July 10, 1913 . Protest Lowest Bid on Subway . 2 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125801/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123819392/protest-lowest-bid-on-subway/ . live .
  30. News: July 16, 1913 . Lower Broadway Subway Bid Stands; Service Board Overrules Objections of Property Owners on Evidence of Contractors. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125801/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/07/16/archives/lower-broadway-subway-bid-stands-service-board-overrules-objections.html . live .
  31. News: July 19, 1913 . Subway Bulletin . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125805/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123821247/subway-bulletin/ . live .
  32. Book: Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York . The Commission . 1916 . 116 . August 10, 2023 . August 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230810235051/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_pLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 . live .
  33. News: December 2, 1913 . Station Spacing Favors Times Sq.; B.R.T. Plan Might Put Two Express Stops Above There in Seventh Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714023622/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/02/archives/station-spacing-favors-times-sq-brt-plan-might-put-two-express.html . live .
  34. News: September 17, 1913 . New Union Square to Make Up for Closing . 16 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  35. News: October 19, 1913 . Dire Destruction at Union Square . 4 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125802/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123815454/dire-destruction-at-union-square/ . live .
  36. News: February 22, 1916 . Manhattan to Coney by Tube Next Year . 4 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125803/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123826832/manhattan-to-coney-by-tube-next-year/ . live .
  37. News: February 23, 1916 . New Subway Trains to Run Within Year; The Times Square Section Will Be Completed, It Is Believed, by July, 1917 . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125804/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/02/23/archives/new-subway-trains-to-run-within-year-the-times-square-section-will.html . live .
  38. News: February 25, 1916 . Old Union Square to Be Park Again: Wooden Shacks and Rubbish Will Be Cleared Away in Spring . 9 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  39. News: March 12, 1916 . Urge New Station for Shoppers' Use . 20 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . April 30, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125804/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123827211/urge-new-station-for-shoppers-use/ . live .
  40. News: July 27, 1916 . B.R.T. Blames City for Subway Delay; Annual Report Says Municipality Is Postponing Time When It Will Get Profits . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125803/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/27/archives/brt-blames-city-for-subway-delay-annual-report-says-municipality-is.html . live .
  41. News: September 4, 1917. Broadway Subway Opened To Coney By Special Train. Brooklynites Try New Manhattan Link From Canal St. to Union Square. Go Via Fourth Ave. Tube. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com . May 31, 2019.
  42. News: September 5, 1917. Open First Section of Broadway Line; Train Carrying 1,000 Passengers Runs from Fourteenth Street to Coney Island. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2020. 0362-4331. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612191916/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/09/05/archives/open-first-section-of-broadway-line-train-carrying-1000-passengers.html. live.
  43. December 21, 1917 . General News: Union Square's Underground Traffic . Women's Wear . 15 . 144 . 36 . .
  44. News: January 6, 1918 . Open New Subway To Times Square; Brooklyn Directly Connected with Wholesale and Shopping Districts of New York. Nickel Zone Is Extended. First Train in Broadway Tube Makes Run from Rector Street in 17 Minutes. Cost About $20,000,000 Rapid Transit from Downtown to Hotel and Theatre Sections Expected to Affect Surface Lines. Increases Five-Cent Zone. First Trip to Times Square. Benefits to Brooklyn. . The New York Times . November 5, 2016 . 0362-4331 . August 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210831204326/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/01/06/102652686.pdf . live .
  45. News: January 28, 1918 . New Service to Times Sq.; B.R.T. Trains Will Run Through from 7:30 P.M. Till 6 A.M. . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125803/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/28/archives/new-service-to-times-sq-brt-trains-will-run-through-from-730-pm.html . live .
  46. News: July 4, 1919 . Broadway Subway Line To Be Extended to 57th Street . 14 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  47. News: July 4, 1919 . Open New Subway July 9; B.R.T. Extension from Times Sq. to 57th St. to be Put Into Operation. . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125804/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/07/04/archives/open-new-subway-july-9-brt-extension-from-times-sq-to-57th-st-to-be.html . live .
  48. News: March 26, 1920 . Subway Beacons Ordered; Illuminated Signs to Shine in Three Stations. . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503125805/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/03/26/archives/subway-beacons-ordered-illuminated-signs-to-shine-in-three-stations.html . live .
  49. News: May 7, 1916 . The ABC of New York City's Subway Lines; Also the Letter H and the Two Y's, Which Help to Make the Matter Clearly Understood ;- The Dual Contract in Simple Terms . en-US . The New York Times . April 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503131809/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/05/07/archives/the-abc-of-new-york-citys-subway-lines-also-the-letter-h-and-the.html . live .
  50. News: January 14, 1916 . East River Tunnel Contract Awarded; Booth & Flinn, Who Will Do the Work for $6,639,023, to Use the Shield Method . en-US . The New York Times . July 16, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145835/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/01/14/archives/east-river-tunnel-contract-awarded-booth-flinn-who-will-do-the-work.html . live .
  51. News: January 16, 1916 . Public Service Commission Promises to Complete Contract Awards This Year . 40 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 16, 2023 . July 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716234113/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-public-service/128336094/ . live .
  52. News: April 8, 1916 . E. D. Tube Trains Will Run in 1918 . 15 . Times Union . July 16, 2023 . July 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716230654/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-e-d-tube-trains-will-run-i/128331468/ . live .
  53. News: May 26, 1916 . Award Subway Contracts . 6 . Times Union . July 16, 2023 . July 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716205425/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-award-subway-contracts/128331703/ . live .
  54. News: January 5, 1919 . When Will Dual Subway Be Finished?: Completed Work Cost 188,332,000--unfinished Contracts Amount to 20,000,000 Two Bodies Responsible for Construction Lack Mutual Confidence and Team-work . D10 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  55. News: October 29, 1922 . Long Delayed E. D. Transit Relief Move Announced . 9, 11 . The Standard Union . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611180432/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79373580/long-delayed-e-d-transit-relief-move/ . live .
  56. News: November 4, 1922 . Laying of Tracks Starts New Action for Thru Tubes . 18 . The Chat . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611180434/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79373034/laying-of-tracks-starts-new-action-for/ . live .
  57. News: October 29, 1922 . Long Delayed E. D. Transit Relief Move Announced . 9, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-district/79373649/11 . The Standard Union . July 16, 2023 . July 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230717013748/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-long-delayed-e-d-tr/79373580/ . live .
  58. Book: New York (State). Transit Commission . Proceedings of the Transit Commission, State of New York . 1923 . 1136–1137 . December 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210221065217/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5kT80_w6rYC . February 21, 2021 . live . v. 3.
  59. News: July 1, 1924. Celebrate Opening of Subway Link. 23. The New York Times. February 13, 2010.
  60. News: July 1, 1924 . Pushing Throng Christens Spur Of B. M. T. Tube: Hylan Runs the First Train From Brooklyn to 14th Street, Then Assails "Interests'" at Luncheon Yearns to Boss System Transit Commission Heads Remind Mayor Epithets Won't Solve Problems . 12 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  61. News: July 15, 1928 . Celebrate Opening of New B. M. T. Line; Officials and Civic Association Members Fill First Train From Union Square . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . December 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211210103644/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/15/archives/celebrate-opening-of-new-b-m-t-line-officials-and-civic-association.html . live .
  62. News: July 14, 1928 . Communities in Gala Attire Awaiting 'First Train' in New Subway . 37 . The Chat . newspapers.com . April 28, 2023 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428134617/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123675360/communities-in-gala-attire-awaiting/ . live .
  63. News: August 17, 1928 . 14th St. Tube Eases Jams; Transit Board Reports Drop in Transfers Issued at Canal Street. . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428134618/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/08/17/archives/14th-st-tube-eases-jams-transit-board-reports-drop-in-transfers.html . live .
  64. News: June 10, 1922. Color Signs Adopted as Guides in Subways; Blue and White for I.R.T. and White and Green for B.R. T. Stations.. en-US. The New York Times. May 13, 2023. 0362-4331. August 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230814161844/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/10/archives/color-signs-adopted-as-guides-in-subways-blue-and-white-for-irt-and.html. live.
  65. News: . B. R. T. to End Jam on Sundays On Coney Lines: Receiver Garrison, After a Conference With Harkness, Agrees to Provide Relief Without an Order City Bus Lines Attacked Estimate Board Again Refuses to Aid Commission on Staten Island Tunnels . June 10, 1922 . 5 . New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  66. News: July 8, 1926 . Bids for B.M.T. Stations; Platforms South of Fourteenth Street to Be Lengthened. . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428135805/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/07/08/archives/bids-for-bmt-stations-platforms-south-of-fourteenth-street-to-be.html . live .
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  68. News: August 2, 1927 . B. M, T. Station Lengthening Is Nearly Finished: 76 Platforms Are Extended 3,186 Feet to Make Room for 126.000 Additional Passengers in Rush Hours City Carried Out Work I.R.T. Changes Planned, but That Company Refuses to Pay Its Share of Costs . 32 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  69. News: May 8, 1928 . Approves B.M.T. Link Plan; Estimate Board Committee Votes $607,223 for 14th Street Transfer. . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428140148/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/08/archives/approves-bmt-link-plan-estimate-board-committee-votes-607223-for.html . live .
  70. News: April 22, 1928 . Enlarged Station on 14th St. Line to Cost $618,000. Broadway Transfer Terminal to Relieve Congestion at Canal St. . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . May 2, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130334/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/77677079/ . live .
  71. News: November 4, 1928 . New Union Square Subway Station Will Be the Largest in Manhattan; Twelve Stairways Will Lead to Train Platforms--Planned to Accommodate 50,000,000 Passengers Annually--Work Scheduled for Completion Next March. Verona Acreage Deal. . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428140144/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/11/04/archives/new-union-square-subway-station-will-be-the-largest-in-manhattan.html . live .
  72. News: April 28, 1928 . Improved Facilities Will Aid 14th St. Tube . 1 . The Chat . newspapers.com . April 28, 2023 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130335/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123656024/improved-facilities-will-aid-14th-st/ . live .
  73. News: November 4, 1928 . Union Square City's Greatest Traffic Center: Made-Over Station Will Serve Three Subway Routes, Handle 50,000,000 People . D13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  74. News: June 22, 1930 . Old Union Square Will Soon Be New; Tall Flagpole With Bronze Figures at Base to Be Dedicated on July 4 . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130335/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/22/archives/old-union-square-will-soon-be-new-tall-flagpole-with-bronze-figures.html . live .
  75. News: July 25, 1931 . Shovels Rooting In Union Square For 'Last Time': Park Officials Swear Newest Gouging Will Convert Desert, to Blooming Garden Union Square in Final Stages of Its Upheaval . 3 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  76. News: March 28, 1931 . Union Sq. Park Work to Be Completed Soon; 14th St. Association Head Says Area Torn Up for Years Will Be in Shape This Summer. . en-US . The New York Times . May 1, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130338/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/28/archives/union-sq-park-work-to-be-completed-soon-14th-st-association-head.html . live .
  77. News: June 2, 1940. B.M.T. Lines Pass to City Ownership; $175,000,000 Deal Completed at City Hall Ceremony-- Mayor 'Motorman No. 1'. en-US. The New York Times. May 14, 2022. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20210719094900/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/02/archives/bmt-lines-pass-to-city-ownership-175000000-deal-completed-at-city.html. July 19, 2021. live.
  78. News: June 2, 1940 . City Takes Over B. M. T. System; Mayor Skippers Midnight Train . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  79. News: June 13, 1940 . City Transit Unity Is Now a Reality; Title to I.R.T. Lines Passes to Municipality, Ending 19-Year Campaign . en-US . The New York Times . May 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107193115/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/13/archives/city-transit-unity-is-now-a-reality-title-to-irt-lines-passes-to.html . live .
  80. News: June 13, 1940 . Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration . 25 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  81. News: September 27, 1945. Plan Submitted to Improve IRT. en-US. The New York Times. May 15, 2022. 0362-4331. May 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192450/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/09/27/archives/plan-submitted-to-improve-irt-city-club-offers-its-solution-of.html. live.
  82. News: Transfer Points Under Higher Fare; Board of Transportation Lists Stations and Intersections for Combined Rides. June 30, 1948. The New York Times. April 21, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. 19. June 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625074924/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/30/archives/transfer-points-under-higher-fare-board-of-transportation-lists.html. live.
  83. News: October 6, 1948 . 3-Dimensional Advertising Signs Installed In City Subway Station; More Are Planned . en-US . The New York Times . May 21, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230521174950/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/10/06/archives/3dimensional-advertising-signs-installed-in-city-subway-station.html . live .
  84. News: October 6, 1948 . 3-Dimensional Lit-Up Posters Invade Subway: First of Projected 480 for 6 Key Stations Set Up at Grand Central I. R. T . 14 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  85. News: January 13, 1949 . New Passage in Subway; Free Underground Route Being Built in Grand Central . en-US . The New York Times . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130323/https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/13/archives/new-passage-in-subway-free-underground-route-being-built-in-grand.html . live .
  86. News: . Free 'Subway Walk' To Cross 42d Street . January 13, 1949 . 12 . New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646.
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  88. News: . Loft Candy Shops to Open Three New Subway Stores . April 9, 1949 . 17 . New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646.
  89. News: May 19, 1956 . Sidelights; Subway Banking Hits Union Sq. That $113,000 Seat Sales Up Big Push by Westinghouse Innovation Studied It's Where You Ride Miscellany . en-US . The New York Times . April 28, 2023 . 0362-4331.
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  96. News: December 12, 1978 . Union Square Restoration . 15Q . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
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