July 14 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 982  - King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.^[1]
• 1223  - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.^[2]
• 1420  - Battle of Vítkov Hill, decisive victory of Czech Hussite forces commanded by Jan Žižka against Crusade army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.^[3]
• 1430  - Joan of Arc, taken by the Burgundians in May, is handed over to Pierre Cauchon, the bishop of Beauvais.^[4]
• 1596  - Anglo-Spanish War: English and Dutch troops sack the Spanish city of Cádiz before leaving the next day.^[5]

1601–1900

• 1769  - An expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá leaves its base in San Diego and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey, California).^[6]
• 1771  - Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra.^[7]
• 1789  - Storming of the Bastille in Paris. This event escalates the widespread discontent into the French Revolution.^[8] Bastille Day is still celebrated annually in France.^[9]
• 1790  - Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation.^[10]
• 1791  - Beginning of Priestley Riots (to 17 July) in Birmingham targeting Joseph Priestley as a supporter of the French Revolution.^[11]
• 1798  - The Sedition Act of 1798 becomes law in the United States making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.^[12]
• 1808  - The Finnish War: the Battle of Lapua is fought.^[13]
• 1853  - Opening of the first major US world's fair, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City.^[14]
• 1865  - The first ascent of the Matterhorn is completed by Edward Whymper and his party, four of whom die on the descent.^[15]
• 1874  - The Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.^[16]
• 1881  - American outlaw Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in the Maxwell House at Fort Sumner, New Mexico.^[17]
• 1900  - Armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance capture Tientsin during the Boxer Rebellion.^[18]

1901–present

• 1902  - Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas".^[19]
• 1902  - The Campanile in St Mark's Square, Venice collapses, also demolishing the loggetta.^[20]
• 1911  - Harry Atwood, an exhibition pilot for the Wright brothers, is greeted by President Taft after he lands his aeroplane on the South Lawn of the White House, having flown from Boston.^{[21] [22]}
• 1915  - Beginning of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.^[23]
• 1916  - Battle of Delville Wood begins as an action within the Battle of the Somme, lasting until 3 September 1916.^{[24] [25]}
• 1933  - In a decree called the Gleichschaltung, Adolf Hitler abolishes all German political parties except the Nazis.^[26]
• 1933  - Nazi eugenics programme begins with the proclamation of the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring requiring the compulsory sterilization of any citizen who suffers from alleged genetic disorders.^[27]
• 1942  - In the Wardha session of Congress, the "Quit India" resolution is approved, authorising Mahatma Gandhi to campaign for India's independence from Britain.^[28]
• 1943  - In Diamond, Missouri, the George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument in honor of an African American.^[29]
• 1948  - Palmiro Togliatti, leader of the Italian Communist Party, is shot and wounded near the Italian Parliament.^[30]
• 1950  - Korean War: beginning of the Battle of Taejon.^[31]
• 1951  - Ferrari take their first Formula One grand prix victory at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone.^[32]
• 1957  - Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.^[33]
• 1958  - In the 14 July Revolution in Iraq, the monarchy is overthrown by popular forces led by Abd al-Karim Qasim, who becomes the nation's new leader.^[34]
• 1960  - Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her study of chimpanzees in the wild.^[35]
• 1960  - Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditches off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44.^[36]
• 1965  - Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet. The photographs take approximately six hours to be transmitted back to Earth.^[37]
• 1983  - Mario Bros. is released in Japan, beginning the popular Super Mario Bros franchise.^{[38] [39]}
• 2001  - Rus Flight 9633 crashes during takeoff from Chkalovsky Airport, killing all 10 people on board.^[40]
• 2002  - French president Jacques Chirac escapes an assassination attempt from Maxime Brunerie during a Bastille Day parade at Champs-Élysées.^[41]
• 2013  - Dedication of statue of Rachel Carson, a sculpture named for the environmentalist, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.^[42]
• 2015  - NASA's New Horizons probe performs the first flyby of Pluto, and thus completes the initial survey of the Solar System.^{[43] [44] [45]}
• 2016  - A man ploughs a truck into a Bastille Day celebration in Nice, France, killing 86 people and injuring another 434 before being shot by police.^[46]
• 2019 – A GippsAero GA8 Airvan crashes in Umeå, Sweden, killing all nine aboard.^[47]

Births

Pre-1600

• 926  - Murakami, emperor of Japan (d. 967)
• 1410  - Arnold, Duke of Guelders, (d. 1473)
• 1454  - Poliziano, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1494)
• 1515  - Philip I, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1560)

1601–1900

• 1602  - Cardinal Jules Mazarin, Italian-French cardinal and politician, chief minister of France from 5 December 1642 to 9 March 1661 (d. 1661)^[48]
• 1608  - George Goring, Lord Goring, English general (d. 1657)
• 1610  - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670)
• 1634  - Pasquier Quesnel, French priest and theologian (d. 1719)^[49]
• 1671  - Jacques d'Allonville, French astronomer and mathematician (d. 1732)
• 1675  - Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French general (d. 1747)
• 1696  - William Oldys, English historian and author (d. 1761)^[50]
• 1721  - John Douglas, Scottish bishop and scholar (d. 1807)^[51]
• 1743  - Gavrila Derzhavin, Russian poet and politician (d. 1816)
• 1755  - Michel de Beaupuy, French general (d. 1796)
• 1785  - Mordecai Manuel Noah, American journalist, playwright, and diplomat (d. 1851)
• 1801  - Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist and anatomist (d. 1858)
• 1816  - Arthur de Gobineau, French writer who founded Gobinism to promote development of racism (d. 1882)^[52]
• 1825  - Georgiana Hill, English cookery book writer (d. 1903)^[53]
• 1829  - Edward Benson, English archbishop (d. 1896)
• 1859  - Willy Hess, German violinist and educator (d. 1928)
• 1861  - Kate M. Gordon, American activist (d. 1931)
• 1862  - Florence Bascom, American geologist and educator (d. 1945)^[54]
• 1862  - Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and illustrator (d. 1918)^[55]
• 1865  - Arthur Capper, American journalist and politician, 20th Governor of Kansas (d. 1951)
• 1866  - Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (d. 1925)
• 1868  - Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist and political officer (d. 1926)^[56]
• 1872  - Albert Marque, French sculptor and doll maker (d. 1939)
• 1874  - Abbas II of Egypt (d. 1944)
• 1874  - Crawford Vaughan, Australian politician, 27th Premier of South Australia (d. 1947)
• 1878  - Donald Meek, Scottish-American stage and film actor (d. 1946)^[57]
• 1885  - Sisavang Vong, Laotian king (d. 1959)
• 1888  - Scipio Slataper, Italian author and critic (d. 1915)
• 1889  - Marco de Gastyne, French painter and illustrator (d. 1982)
• 1889  - Ante Pavelić, Croatian fascist dictator during World War II (d. 1959)
• 1893  - Clarence J. Brown, American publisher and politician, 36th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (d. 1965)
• 1893  - Garimella Satyanarayana, Indian poet and author (d. 1952)
• 1894  - Dave Fleischer, American animator, director, and producer (d. 1979)
• 1896  - Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish soldier and anarchist (d. 1936)
• 1897  - Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai military officer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1964)^[58]
• 1898  - Happy Chandler, American lawyer and politician, 49th Governor of Kentucky, second Commissioner of Baseball (d. 1991)

1901–present

• 1901  - Gerald Finzi, English composer and academic (d. 1956)^[59]
• 1903  - Irving Stone, American author and educator (d. 1989)^[60]
• 1907  - Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (d. 1989)
• 1910  - William Hanna, American animator, director, producer, and actor, co-founded Hanna-Barbera (d. 2001)
• 1911  - Pavel Prudnikau, Belarusian poet and author (d. 2000)
• 1912  - Woody Guthrie, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1967)^[61]
• 1913  - Gerald Ford, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)^[62]
• 1918  - Fred Baur, American chemist and founder of Pringles (d. 2008)^[63]
• 1918  - Ingmar Bergman, Swedish director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)^[64]
• 1918  - Arthur Laurents, American director, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 2011)
• 1918  - Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer and systems scientist (d. 2016)^[65]
• 1920  - Shankarrao Chavan, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Finance (d. 2004)
• 1921  - Sixto Durán Ballén, American-Ecuadorian architect and politician, 48th President of Ecuador (d. 2016)
• 1921  - Leon Garfield, English author (d. 1996)
• 1921  - Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013)
• 1921  - Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
• 1922  - Robin Olds, American general and pilot (d. 2007)
• 1922  - Elfriede Rinkel, German SS officer (d. 2018)
• 1922  - Käbi Laretei, Estonian-Swedish concert pianist (d. 2014)
• 1923  - René Favaloro, Argentine surgeon and cardiologist (d. 2000)^[66]
• 1923  - Dale Robertson, American actor (d. 2013)
• 1923  - Robert Zildjian, American businessman, founded Sabian (d. 2013)
• 1924  - Warren Giese, American football player, coach, and politician (d. 2013)
• 1925  - Bruce L. Douglas, American politician
• 1926  - Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (d. 2014)
• 1926  - Harry Dean Stanton, American actor, musician, and singer (d. 2017)
• 1926  - Himayat Ali Shair, Urdu poet (d. 2019)
• 1927  - John Chancellor, American journalist (d. 1996)
• 1927  - Mike Esposito, American author and illustrator (d. 2010)
• 1928  - Nancy Olson, American actress
• 1928  - William Rees-Mogg, English journalist and public servant (d. 2012)^[67]
• 1930  - Polly Bergen, American actress and singer (d. 2014)^[68]
• 1930  - Benoît Sinzogan, Beninese military officer and politician (d. 2021)
• 1931  - Jacqueline de Ribes, French fashion designer and philanthropist
• 1932  - Rosey Grier, American football player and actor
• 1932  - Del Reeves, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2007)
• 1933  - Robert Bourassa, Canadian lawyer and politician, 22nd Premier of Quebec (d. 1996)
• 1933  - Dumaagiin Sodnom, Mongolian politician; 13th Prime Minister of Mongolia
• 1936  - Robert F. Overmyer, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (d. 1996)
• 1937  - Yoshiro Mori, Japanese journalist and politician, 55th Prime Minister of Japan
• 1938  - Jerry Rubin, American activist, author, and businessman (d. 1994)
• 1938  - Tommy Vig, Hungarian vibraphone player, drummer, and composer
• 1939  - Karel Gott, Czech singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2019)
• 1939  - George Edgar Slusser, American scholar and author (d. 2014)
• 1940  - Susan Howatch, English author and academic
• 1941  - Maulana Karenga, American philosopher, author, and activist, created Kwanzaa
• 1941  - Andreas Khol, German-Austrian lawyer and politician
• 1942  - Javier Solana, Spanish physicist and politician, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs
• 1945  - Jim Gordon, American rock drummer and convicted murderer (d. 2023)^[69]
• 1946  - John Wood, Australian actor and screenwriter
• 1947  - John Blackman, Australian radio and television presenter (d. 2024)^[70]
• 1947  - Claudia J. Kennedy, American general
• 1947  - Salih Neftçi, Turkish economist and author (d. 2009)
• 1947  - Navin Ramgoolam, Mauritius physician and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Mauritius
• 1948  - Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (d. 2021)
• 1949  - Tommy Mottola, American businessman and music publisher
• 1950  - Bruce Oldfield, English fashion designer
• 1952  - Bob Casale, American musician, Devo (d.2014)^[71]
• 1960  - Anna Bligh, Australian politician, 37th Premier of Queensland^[72]
• 1960  - Kyle Gass, American musician, comedian, and actor^[73]
• 1960  - Angélique Kidjo, Beninese singer-songwriter, activist and actress^[74]
• 1960  - Jane Lynch, American actress (Glee), comedian, author, and game show host^[75]
• 1961  - Jackie Earle Haley, American actor and director^[76]
• 1966  - Matthew Fox, American actor^[77]
• 1967  - Robin Ventura, American baseball player^[78]
• 1971  - Bubba Ray Dudley, American professional wrestler^[79]
• 1975  - Tim Hudson, American baseball player
• 1977  - Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden^[80]
• 1984  - Samir Handanović, Slovenian footballer^[81]
• 1985  - Darrelle Revis, American football player^[82]
• 1985  - Phoebe Waller-Bridge, English actress and screenwriter^[83]
• 1986  - Dan Smith, British singer, songwriter and record producer^[84]
• 1987  - Adam Johnson, English footballer^[85]
• 1987  - Dan Reynolds, American singer-songwriter
• 1988  - Conor McGregor, Irish mixed martial artist^[86]
• 1988  - Jérémy Stravius, French swimmer^[87]
• 1990  - Paulo Muacho, Portuguese politician^[88]
• 1994  - Lucas Giolito, American baseball player^[89]
• 1995  - Harrison Butker, American football player^[90]
• 1997  - Neekolul, American internet personality^[91]
• 2004  - Noah Clowney, American basketball player^[92]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 664  - Eorcenberht, king of Kent^[93]
• 809  - Otomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shogun (b. 731)
• 850  - Wei Fu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
• 937  - Arnulf I, duke of Bavaria
• 1223  - Philip II, king of France (b. 1165)^[2]
• 1262  - Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1222)
• 1486  - Margaret of Denmark, daughter of Christian I of Denmark (b. 1456)
• 1526  - John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English peer, landowner, and Lord Great Chamberlain of England (b. 1499)
• 1575  - Richard Taverner, English translator (b. 1505)

1601–1900

• 1614  - Camillus de Lellis, Italian priest and saint (b. 1550)
• 1723  - Claude Fleury, French historian and author (b. 1640)
• 1742  - Richard Bentley, English scholar and theologian (b. 1662)
• 1774  - James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley, Irish field marshal (b. 1682)
• 1780  - Charles Batteux, French philosopher and academic (b. 1713)
• 1789  - Jacques de Flesselles, French politician (b. 1721)
• 1789  - Bernard-René de Launay, French politician (b. 1740)
• 1790  - Ernst Gideon von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (b. 1717)
• 1809  - Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Greek monk and saint (b. 1749)
• 1816  - Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan general (b. 1750)
• 1817  - Germaine de Staël, French philosopher and author (b. 1766)
• 1827  - Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist and engineer, reviver of wave theory of light, inventor of catadioptric lighthouse lens (b. 1788)
• 1834  - Edmond-Charles Genêt, French-American diplomat (b. 1763)
• 1850  - August Neander, German historian and theologian (b. 1789)
• 1856  - Edward Vernon Utterson, English lawyer and historian (b. 1775)
• 1876  - John Buckley, English soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1813)
• 1881  - William H. Bonney aka Billy the Kid, American gunfighter and outlaw (b. 1859 or 1860)^[17]

1901–present

• 1904  - Paul Kruger, South African politician, 5th President of the South African Republic (b. 1824)
• 1907  - William Henry Perkin, English chemist and academic (b. 1838)
• 1910  - Marius Petipa, French dancer and choreographer (b. 1818)
• 1917  - Octave Lapize, French cyclist (b. 1887)^[94]
• 1918  - Quentin Roosevelt, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1897)
• 1936  - Dhan Gopal Mukerji, Indian-American author and scholar (b. 1890)
• 1937  - Julius Meier, American businessman and politician, 20th Governor of Oregon (b. 1874)
• 1939  - Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter and illustrator (b. 1860)
• 1954  - Jacinto Benavente, Spanish author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
• 1965  - Adlai Stevenson II, American soldier and politician, 5th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (b. 1900)
• 1966  - Julie Manet, French painter and art collector (b. 1878)
• 1967  - Tudor Arghezi, Romanian author and poet (b. 1880)
• 1968  - Konstantin Paustovsky, Russian author and poet (b. 1892)
• 1970  - Preston Foster, American actor (b. 1900)
• 1974  - Carl Spaatz, American World War II general; commander of the Strategic Air Forces in Europe (b. 1891)^[95]
• 1980  - Carlos López Moctezuma, Mexican actor (b. 1909).^[96]
• 1984  - Ernest Tidyman, American author and screenwriter; Academy Award winner for The French Connection (b. 1928)^[97]
• 1986  - Raymond Loewy, French-American industrial designer (b. 1893)
• 1991  - Constance Stokes, Australian painter (b. 1906)^[98]
• 1993  - Léo Ferré, Monacan singer-songwriter, pianist, and poet (b. 1916)^[99]
• 1998  - Richard McDonald, American businessman, co-founded McDonald's (b. 1909)^[100]
• 2000  - Pepo, Chilean cartoonist; creator of Condorito (b. 1911)^[101]
• 2005  - Cicely Saunders, English hospice founder (b. 1918)^[102]
• 2017  - Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian mathematician (b. 1977)^[103]
• 2020  - Rosa, Spanish-born cow on French television (b. 2001)^[104]
• 2022  - Ivana Trump, Czech-American socialite and model (b. 1949)^[105]
• 2024  - Jacoby Jones, American football player (b. 1984)^[106]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Boniface of Savoy^[107]
  • Gaspar de Bono^[108]
  • Camillus of Lellis (Roman Catholic Church, except in the United States)^[109]
  • Deusdedit of Canterbury^[110]
  • John Keble (Church of England)^[111]
  • Samson Occom (Episcopal Church (United States)^[112]
  • July 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Bastille Day (France and dependencies)^[9]
• International Non-Binary People's Day^[113]
• Republic Day (Iraq)^[114]
• Victoria Day (Sweden). The birthday of Crown Princess Victoria is an official flag flying day in Sweden.^[115]
• North Korean Defectors' Day (in South Korea)^[116]

External links

• Web site: On This Day . BBC . 2005-02-25 . 2006-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060822141944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/14 . dead .
  • Web site: Historical Events on July 14 . OnThisDay.com . 2020-06-04 . 2020-11-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201103175615/https://www.onthisday.com/events/july/14 . live .

Notes and References

1. Book: Legrand, Jacques. Chronicle of the World. Eca, Publication. 1989. 330. 0-13-133463-8.
2. Book: Sewell, Elizabeth Missing . Popular history of France from the earliest period to the death of Louis XIV . 1876 . Longmans, Green & Co. . London . 110.
3. Book: Bideleux . Robert . Jeffries . Ian . A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . 2006 . Routledge . Abingdon . 234 . 978-11-34719-84-6 .
4. Book: Legrand, Jacques. Chronicle of the World. Eca, Publication. 1989. 416. 0-13-133463-8.
5. Book: Wernham, RB. The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595-1603. 1994. 117. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 978-0198204435.
6. Book: Janin . Hunt . Carlson . Ursula . The Californios: A History, 1769–1890 . 2017 . McFarland . Jefferson, North Carolina . 22 . 978-14-76629-46-9 .
7. Book: Yenne, Bill . The Missions of California . 2004 . Advantage Publishers Group . San Diego . 40 . 978-15-92233-19-9.
8. Web site: Bastille Day . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 3 October 2020 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929200534/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bastille-Day . live .
9. Web site: La fête nationale du 14 juillet (The national holiday of July 14) . Elysée . 21 October 2015 . Gouvernement France . Paris . 3 October 2020 . 27 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170527012840/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/la-fete-nationale-du-14-juillet/ . live .
10. 1568380 . Etlin . Richard A. . Architecture and the Festival of Federation, Paris, 1790 . Architectural History . 18 . 1975 . 23–42; 102–108 . SAHGB Publications Ltd . London. 10.2307/1568380 . 195026815 .
11. Book: Schofield, Robert E. . The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804 . 2004 . Pennsylvania State University Press . University Park, Pennsylvania . 284–285 . 978-02-71024-59-2.
12. Web site: The Sedition Act of 1798 . 10 July 1798 . History, Art & Archives . United States House of Representatives . Washington, DC . 3 October 2020.
13. Book: Hornborg, Eirik . När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 . 1955. P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag . Stockholm. sv.
14. News: The World's Fair in New York . The New York Times . July 17, 1852 . 2 . 3 October 2020 . 1 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131101090717/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A13F93E55147B93C5A8178CD85F468584F9 . live .
15. Book: Whymper, Edward . Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860–69 . 1871 . John Murray . London . 387–389 . 12 July 2017.
16. Keyes . Jonathan J. . The Forgotten Fire . Chicago History . 26 . 3 . 1997 . Chicago Historical Society. . 52–65.
17. Web site: Billy the Kid . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 23 September 2020 . 21 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921120107/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Billy-the-Kid-American-outlaw . live .
18. Book: Thompson, Larry Clinton . William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the "Ideal Missionary" . 2009 . McFarland . Jefferson, NC . 130, 138 . 978-07-86453-38-2.
19. Cradle of gold: the story of Hiram Bingham, a real-life Indiana Jones and the search for Machu Picchu . 2011 . MacMillan . 978-0-230-11204-9 . 2023-08-08 . 2023-08-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233531/https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780230112049/cradleofgold . live .
20. Book: Distefano, Giovanni . Centenario del campanile di san Marco 1912–2012 . Venezia . Supernova . 2012 . 44–45 . 978-88-96220-57-3.
21. News: Taft Greets Atwood after Rainy Flight . The New York Times . 15 July 1911 . 13 January 2021 . 15 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193650/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/07/15/104829703.pdf . live .
22. Book: Edwards, John Carver . Orville's Aviators: Outstanding Alumni of the Wright Flying School, 1910–1916 . McFarland & Co. Inc. . Jefferson, North Carolina . 2009 . 172 . 978-07-86442-27-0.
23. Book: Paris, Timothy J. . Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: the Sherifian Solution . Frank Cass . London . 2003 . 24 . 978-07-14654-51-5 . 2021-01-13 . 2023-10-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003181005/https://books.google.com/books?id=9oLumAEACAAJ . live .
24. Book: Miles, W. . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . Military Operations in France and Belgium 1916: 2 July to the End of the Battles of the Somme . II . Macmillan . London . 1992 . 1938 . Imperial War Museum and Battery Press . 4–61 . 978-08-98391-69-5.
25. Book: Sheffield, G. . The Somme . Cassell . London . 2003 . 79–84 . 978-03-04366-49-1.
26. Web site: Gleichschaltung – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools . 14 July 1933 . Wiener Holocaust Library . Vienna . 28 December 2020 . en-GB . 10 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110185902/https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/the-nazi-rise-to-power/how-did-the-nazi-gain-power/gleichschaltung/ . live .
27. Book: Friedlander, Henry . The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution . University of Northern Carolina Press . Chapel Hill, North Carolina . 1995 . 30 . 978-08-07822-08-1.
28. Web site: 1942 Quit India Movement. Open University. 5 March 2024. 16 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240416193423/https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/1942-quit-india-movement. live.
29. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: George Washington Carver National Monument . Ortega . Richard I. . Missouri Department of Natural Resources . Jefferson City . April 1976 . 1–19 . 13 January 2021 . 17 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201017081624/https://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/66000114.pdf . live .
30. Encyclopedia: Palmiro Togliatti . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Edinburgh . 13 January 2021 . 3 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503160502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palmiro-Togliatti . live .
31. Book: Fehrenbach, T.R. . T. R. Fehrenbach . This Kind of War: the Classic Korean War History – Fiftieth Anniversary Edition . Potomac Books . Sterling, Virginia . 2001 . 89 . 978-15-74883-34-3.
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