149th Armored Regiment explained

Unit Name:149th Armored Regiment
Dates:1959–2007
Country: United States
Type:Armor
Size:Regiment
Garrison:Salinas, CA (1959–96)
Presidio of Monterey, CA (1996–99)
Seaside, CA (1999–2007)
Motto:Men and Steel[1]
Equipment:M1917 (1924–1937)
M2A2 (1937–1941)
M3 (1941–1942)
M48 (~1962)
M60A3 (~1987–1997)
M1IP (1997–2007)
Equipment Label:Vehicles
Battles:Mexican Border War
World War I

World War II

Kosovo

Decorations:Presidential Unit Citation (3)Philippine Presidential Unit Citation[2] [3]
Commander1:LTC Mark Malanka[4] [5]
Commander1 Label:Last 1st Battalion commanding officer
Commander2:CSM Scott Waterhouse
Commander2 Label:Last 1st Battalion senior enlisted advisor
Identification Symbol Label:Distinctive unit insignia

The 149th Armored Regiment was an armored regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard. Its lineage dates back to a cavalry unit organized in 1895 in Salinas. As Troop C, the unit's first major action occurred when it deployed to help in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. In 1916, still as Troop C, the unit served along the MexicoUnited States border near Nogales, Arizona to deter further border incursions, due to events surrounding the Pancho Villa Expedition. The following year, Troop C was activated then reorganized and redesignated as Company B, 145th Machine Gun Battalion upon the United States' entry into World War I; as part of the 40th Division, the battalion deployed to France in 1918, and returned to the United States in 1919.

In 1924, the unit converted from cavalry into armor, receiving its first tanks, and becoming the 40th Tank Company. In 1934, the company deployed again to San Francisco due to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike. In February 1941, as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion, the unit was activated for training at Fort Lewis, Washington; later that year in September, the battalion was deployed to the Philippines. When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, from December 1941 until April 1942, the battalion fought against Japanese forces. The company conducted a fighting withdrawal in Southern Luzon; then it fought on Bataan until they were ordered to surrender. As prisoners of war (POW), soldiers of the unit suffered through the Bataan Death March, and were later sent individually to various POW camps throughout the territories controlled by Japan; following the surrender of Japan, surviving soldiers returned to the United States in mid-September 1945.

In 1946, the unit was inactivated, before being redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion. It was redesignated as the 149th Tank Battalion in 1949, but became the 149th Armor Regiment a decade later. In 1965, the regiment was sent to Los Angeles in response to the Watts Riots. The unit returned to Los Angeles later in the 20th century, in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Following the September 11th attacks, the unit was activated for Operation Noble Eagle in 2003. Then in 2005, it deployed to Europe for peacekeeping in the Kosovo Force. The regiment was deactivated in 2007, as the 149th Armored Regiment.

History

Cavalry and World War I

Troop C of cavalry, the first unit on the Central Coast region of the National Guard of California, a state militia,[6] [7] was organized on 5 August 1895.[8] The troop's first activation was when it was called up to provide law and order in San Francisco following the earthquake in 1906, using Golden Gate Park as its base of operations. In 1911, the troop was incorporated into the 1st Squadron of Cavalry.

In the early 1910s tensions between Mexico and the United States were high, due to the impact the Mexican Revolution had on the border; this resulted in several events which led to loss of life of citizens of both nations.[9] These tensions came to a head in March 1916, with the attack on Columbus, New Mexico by Mexicans under Pancho Villa. As a result, a punitive expedition by the United States Army was sent into Mexico, and National Guard units were activated in neighboring border states for federal service. With the regular United States Army busy pursuing Pancho Villa, being unable to defend the rest of the border with Mexico, the National Defense Act of 1916 was passed in June, allowing for the activation of additional National Guard units throughout the United States for federal service.[10] In June, the unit was activated for federal service on the Mexican border near Nogales, Arizona. As the threat of cross border hostility abated, the troop was deactivated later that year.[11]

Before, and while the troop was serving on the Mexican border, World War I was being fought.[12] After the United States entered into World War I, the troop was activated into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny in San Diego. There it was redesignated as Company B of the 145th Machine Gun Battalion, as an element of the 40th Division.[13] During this period the battalion was part of the 80th Infantry Brigade of the 40th Division.

The brigade departed for France in August 1918, where it spent the majority of the time training replacements. In late October 1918, the machine gun battalion was sent to Saint-Dizier, then to Baudonvilliers in November.[14] During November 1918, the battalion supported First Army, when it was moved to Marne for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.[15] Beginning in mid-December, the 40th Division began the process of returning to the United States, ultimately embarking through Bordeaux.[16] In May 1919 it was demobilized at the Presidio of San Francisco.[17]

40th Tank Company

The unit was reorganized as the 40th Tank Company for the 40th Division in 1924 and it was equipped with eight French Renault light tanks (M1917);[18] [19] it was California's first tank unit.[20] It conducted its first annual training at Camp Del Monte in 1925.[21] On Thanksgiving Day 1927, two of the units tanks were tasked to respond to a riot at the Folsom State Prison.[22] The company was first activated in response to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike of longshoremen during which it was sent to San Francisco for eight days. M2A2 light tanks replaced the Renaults in 1937.[23] During the 1930s, training with the unit's tanks did not involve ammunition, and utilized Ford Model T automobiles to simulate enemy tanks.[24] Training was often conducted in association with the 159th Infantry Regiment. April 1937, the company participated in activities on Crissy Field at the Presidio of San Francisco. In August 1937, along with other units of the Fourth Army, the tank company was assigned to the brown force (national guard units) that simulated combat against the blue force (regular army units) in the area between Morro Bay and San Luis Obispo.[25]

194th Tank Battalion

In 1940, the company was designated as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion; other tank companies in Brainerd, Minnesota (Company A, formerly the 34th Tank Company), and Saint Joseph, Missouri (Company B, former 35th Tank Company), formed the rest of the battalion.[26] [27] A large number of men in Company C were Salinas High School graduates from the classes of 1938 and 1939.[28] The battalion was mustered into federal service on 10 February 1941, and began training at Fort Lewis, Washington;[29] there, on 22 February, the battalion finally assembled as an entire unit. Rated among the best tank battalions in the Army, the battalion was equipped with 54 new M3 Stuart light tanks.

Deployment

Company B was detached from the battalion and sent to Alaska;[30] the rest of the battalion boarded the in San Francisco on 8 September, bound for Manila. It was the first U.S. armored unit to deploy overseas, during World War II.[8] On 26 September 1941 the 194th, along with the 17th Ordnance Company, arrived in Manila, and was then assigned to Fort Stotsenburg, in Sapangbato, Angeles City.[31] There the unit found supplies to be unavailable, especially gasoline and spare parts; worse, ammunition for the tank's 37mm main gun was never shipped to the Philippines causing the tankers to improvise ammunition in the following campaign. The ammunition would only be armor-piercing, with high-explosive being unavailable. The 192nd Tank Battalion arrived in the Philippines on 20 November; joining with the 194th and the 17th, they formed the 1st Provisional Tank Group, under the command of Brigadier General James Weaver;[32] [33] this unit would go on to become the first organization of the United States to engage enemy tanks in combat.

World War II

See main article: Philippines campaign (1941–1942).

Clark Field and withdrawal

When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Company C was in defensive positions around Clark Field, where on 8 December the first Japanese attacks occurred leading to the destruction of half of the Far East Air Force; of the nine Japanese fighters shot down that day, Private Earl G. Smith of Company C was credited with downing one of them. Due to this action, the unit became the first California National Guard unit to see combat.[34] Initially, General Douglas MacArthur was confident that the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) would be able to defend the entire archipelago under war plan Rainbow Five. Detached from the rest of the battalion on 12 December, Company C was attached to the South Luzon Force. On 13 December, Company C moved to Tagaytay Ridge, attempting to apprehend fifth columnists who had been launching flares near ammunition dumps at night; this would continue until Christmas Eve.[35] On 23 December, with the advances of Japanese forces after landing at Lingayen Gulf dashing his confidence, General MacArthur ordered a reversion to War Plan Orange, ordering all forces to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula.[36]

Company C was assigned to the area east of Mount Banahao and attached to the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division.[37] The commanding general of the South Luzon Force, Brigadier General Albert M. Jones,[38] heard from a motorcycle messenger from Company C on Christmas Day that the 1st Infantry Regiment had prematurely moved westward away from their position at Sampaloc.[37] He then instructed Company C to engage the Japanese who had landed at Mauban.[37] He decided to conduct a reconnaissance himself using a half-track from Company C, and they were engaged by a Japanese patrol north of the town of Piis.[37] During the engagement the half-track became immobilized in a ditch, however the crew was able to disperse the patrol allowing Jones and the crew to carry the half-track's machine guns back to friendly lines.[37] For their action, Jones recommended the crew members receive the Distinguished Service Cross; by the April 1946, when the recommendation was finally processed, the awards were downgraded to Silver Stars and only one of the five crew, Sergeant Leon Elliot, was still alive.

The next day the second platoon of the company was ordered by a Major Rumbold, senior American instructor of the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment, to attack the Japanese, who were in Piis, down a narrow mountain trail. The platoon leader, Second Lieutenant Robert F. Needham, suggested that a reconnaissance be done before the attack but was told it was unnecessary.[37] Due to the firefight the night before, a roadblock had been prepared by the Japanese, consisting of anti-tank guns, artillery, and several machine guns.[37] The Americans advanced as a column and the lead tank, commanded by Needham, was hit first. The second tank, commanded by Staff Sergeant Emil S. Morello, drove around Needham's disabled tank and ran over a roadblock and an antitank gun behind it, firing upon other Japanese positions before his tank was disabled; in the end five tanks, an entire platoon, were immobilized and lost and five tankers were killed.[39] The Japanese settled in around the tanks that night, believing all the Americans to be dead; as the front moved past them, with the Japanese advancing away from them, which allowed Morello to gather the wounded. Having collected them, he escaped with the help of Filipino guides to Manila, where he left one wounded tanker in a Catholic hospital; with the remainder of the wounded he was able to reach Corregidor by the end of the month. In 1983, Morello was awarded the Silver Star for his actions;[40] [41] he later rejoined the company in Bataan. This action also led the War Department to change from rivets to welding in new tank production.

Another platoon of Company C was attached to the Philippine Army's 51st Infantry Division, and became part of a covering force for the division's withdrawal.[37] The platoon prepared defensive lines near Sariaya, then Tiaong where it rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force, minus the Philippine Army's 1st Infantry Division which rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force at Santiago.[37] From there the force bypassed Manila, which had been declared an open city,[42] withdrawing northward to join the rest of the American-Filipino forces heading to Bataan.[37] However, due to unfamiliarity with the geography, Company C passed through the city, with one of the tanks becoming immobile after hitting the Rizal Monument in the darkness; the crew of the immobilized tank eventually departed the city on Bren Gun Carriers driven by Filipino soldiers.

At Calumpit there were important bridges over the Pampanga River, which connected Bataan to the forces that were now north of Manila.[43] To defend these bridges the 194th took up positions at Apalit, covering the west bank of the river, thus ensuring the path of withdrawal to Bataan for the units defending the bridges.[43] To the south Company C covered the southern front at Bocaue.[43] While there, they observed empty trucks departing Manila for Bataan. The battalion organized the shipment of 12000USgal of aviation gasoline and six truckloads of canned food from Manila.[44] Even with those additional supplies sent to Bataan, a significant amount of supplies were either destroyed or left behind, which led to immediate rationing, which reduced the fighting ability of those on Bataan later on.[45] [46] With the bridges having been successfully defended by other units (including the 192nd), Company C became the last unit to cross the bridges before they were demolished to slow down the Japanese advance.

Moving northward on the first days of 1942, the 194th took up position east of San Fernando and south of town on the banks of the Pampanga River. The rest of the Provisional Tank Group covered the withdrawal of the remaining American-Filipino forces into Bataan. While in defensive positions, the first tank-on-tank combat occurred for the 194th, when five Japanese Type 89A tanks approached; the Japanese unit, having not conducted reconnaissance prior to their movement, was destroyed by the 194th in an open field.[47] With the rest of the forces passing through the town, the tankers destroyed the bridge over the San Fernando River and withdrew to Guagua.[48]

Ten days after the American-Filipino forces began withdrawing, the 1st Provisional Tank Group conducted their final delaying actions, while the rest of the force prepared the defenses in Bataan, giving those troops three additional days. The first unit to conduct a delaying action was Company C, as it serving as an advance force of the mainline, north of Guagua. There they held for three and a half hours.[49] Guagua was not held for long, less than two days, and Company C covered the retreat of the remainder of the battalion.[49] While Company C was covering the flank of the forces retreating south from Guagua, a large enemy force of 500 to 800 Japanese soldiers approached behind three Philippine Constabulary officers waving a white flag; the covering force, consisting of two tanks and two half-tracks, opened fire upon the constabulary officers and the enemy behind them, killing them in the open.[49]

Following some additional combat which led to significant Japanese losses in the Tanaka Detachment, Company C and the rest of the 1st Provisional Tank Group joined the 26th Cavalry, and the Philippines' 11th and 21st Divisions, to form a defense along the Gumain River.[49] [50] Without contact with Japanese forces, the defense line along the Gumain River was abandoned, and new defenses which involved the entirety of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were formed at Layac Junction.[49] That was the final defensive line before Bataan; which was worked on and completed on the morning of 6 January 1942.[49] Following combat on 6 January, which included the action which resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Jose Calugas, the 1st Provisional Tank Group began to withdraw into Bataan ahead of the rest of the units assigned to the defenses at Layac Junction.[49] They were the last U.S. unit to enter the Bataan Peninsula. Upon withdrawing behind the defensive lines to an area south of Pilar, the soldiers of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were finally able to rest, eating from their own kitchens for the first time since the beginning of combat operations, albeit at half rations.[8]

Bataan

See main article: Battle of Bataan.

On 10 January 1942, the 194th was called on to support the 57th Infantry Regiment near Abacay. On 23 January, Company C was called upon by Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright (later promoted to general), commander of I Philippine Corps (the renamed North Luzon Force),[51] to fight a battalion of Japanese infantry to the west, near Mount Silanganan. Two tanks were damaged by anti-tank mines during the initial attack. Yet after that setback, with the support of elements of the 26th Cavalry, and a battalion of the Philippines' 72nd Infantry Regiment, the forces were able to reverse the gains of the Japanese.[52] In late January, it was decided that the defensive line would be withdrawn down to Bogac and through to Orion. The 194th covered some of the last units to withdraw, which included the 31st and 45th Infantry Regiments; By 26 January, the 194th was the last to withdraw, breaking from contact while being attacked by artillery and mortar fire. While withdrawing, additional pressure was placed on the 194th, as air attacks harassed the unit along the way.

Major combat on Bataan came to a halt as Japanese force withdrew northward in February, maintaining a line of control at Balanga, and the Japanese 14th Army awaited reinforcements.[53] By March 1942, rations were reduced from the meager half rations to quarter rations; this was accompanied by soldiers getting sick from dengue fever, malaria and other diseases. Company C was assigned to defending the coast along the eastern half of Bataan.[8]

During the final Japanese attack on the defending American and Filipino forces on Bataan, Company A of the 194th was assigned to coastal defense, firing upon Japanese barges and keeping them from coming ashore. On 4 April, Company C of the 194th, along with the 45th Infantry Regiment, were assigned to attack northward along Trail 29; commencing the attack on 7 April, they advanced northward, surprising a Japanese defensive position.[54] In advancing, they had lost contact with friendly forces to their east and west; receiving new orders, and being informed of rapid Japanese advances, they were ordered southeast towards the junction of Trails 6 & 8 in hopes of establishing a new defensive position. Reversing their advance towards their new objective, with Company C leading the movement, the fire of Japanese anti-tank guns revealed that they had been flanked to the south by Japanese forces of the 65th Brigade. To the rear of their new movement and to the north, on Trail 29, Company C came into contact with elements of the Japanese 7th Tank Regiment which were attempting to advance southward along the trail, the ensuing combat lead to the destruction of two Japanese Type 89A tanks.

By 8 April, Company C was ordered to regroup to the south with the rest of the Provisional Tank Group, who were involved in attempting to provide defense against the Japanese attack along Trail 10. That evening all of the tank battalions were pulled off the line, and on the morning of 9 April, with the Company C tanks finally joining the rest of the group, received orders to destroy their equipment. By the time of surrender, Company C had lost 10 of its tanks, and had six soldiers killed in action.[8]

Surrender and occupation

See main article: Japanese occupation of the Philippines.

Following the surrender of the forces on Bataan by Major General Edward P. King, officers of the tank units were questioned by the Japanese; during the questioning, the officers learned that the tanks had kept away an invasion across Manila Bay, and that the American tanks were feared by the Japanese. When the Japanese finally arrived on 10 April, they began to loot the soldiers of anything of value.[8] Following the looting, the Japanese began to force march them northward towards San Fernando, in what became known as the Bataan Death March.[8] [55] Some of the soldiers chose not to comply with orders and surrender, instead becoming guerrillas, resisting the Japanese occupation;[56] one was Technician Fifth Grade Eugene Zingheim of Company C, a radio operator, who would later be executed after being caught by the Japanese due to malaria in 1943.[57] Over time, the soldiers of Company C were spread across the areas occupied by Japan at various POW camps.[8] Six were awarded the Silver Star, some posthumously, and each soldier of the company was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart.[8] [58] In mid-September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan, the surviving members of the 194th Tank Battalion embarked for the United States at Yokohama.

Post World War II

After World War II, the 194th Tank Battalion was inactivated in April 1946, then redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion in June of that same year; it was federally recognized in 1947, with a leadership team made up of survivors of the 1941–1942 Philippines campaign. Two years later in 1949, the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 149th Heavy Tank Battalion, as an element of the 49th Infantry Division. Then upon being consolidated with the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, the unit was elevated to a parent regiment within the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) in 1959. In 1960, annual training for the regiment was held at Camp Irwin.[59] By 1962, M48 Patton tanks were being used during annual training at Camp Roberts.[60] In 1963, the regiment was reorganized again and expanded to consist of 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions, with 2nd squadron becoming the 170th Cavalry Regiment.

During a weekend drill in 1965, the unit was called up to man roadblocks created in response to the Watts Riots; while there the tankers were fired upon.[61] The regiment's 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions were called up during the Watts Riots, with the regimental headquarters operating out of the 118th Street School.[62] In 1968, the regiment was reorganized to consist only of its 1st Battalion; the regiment was detached from the 49th, and was no longer associated with a division. Later, in 1974, the regiment became an element of the 40th Infantry Division.

During the 1970s and 1980s the regiment continued to conduct its regular cycle of monthly weekend drills and annual training; one of these sent the regiment's lone battalion to Camp Ripley, Minnesota, for winter training in 1982.[63] During the 1980s, the regiment was authorized a strength of 501 Soldiers.[64] In 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized in the United States Army Regimental System; by that same year the regiment was equipped with M60A3 Patton.[65] In response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Operation Garden Plot was initiated, leading to the regiment returning to riot control duties in Los Angeles.[66] During the 1990s, the regiment was part of the 3rd Brigade of the 40th Infantry Division.[67] In 1996, the regiment's headquarters moved to the Presidio of Monterey.[68] [69]

Due to the force reduction in other units, as part of a post-Cold War peace dividend which included Base Realignment and Closure, in 1997 the regiment saw an increase in its size;[70] this increase in size coincided with the regiment transitioning from the M60A3 to the M1IP Abrams. In May 1998, a training center was established at Watsonville, and named after Chief Warrant Officer Ero "Ben" Saccone, who was the First Sergeant of Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in 1941; within the training center was the 40th Tank Company's guidon, which dated back to June 1924 (and survived combat overseas, and being hidden by unit members while they were POW). A year later, the regiment's headquarters was moved once again to Seaside.The battalion was activated for Operation Noble Eagle I & II, providing security at potential targets and airports in the United States, in 2003.[71] [72] Then in 2005, it was activated to conduct NATO peacekeeping duties as part of the Kosovo Force.[73] Following redesignation of the regiment from armor to armored in 2005, it was consolidated with another unit, which retained the name 340th Brigade Support Battalion in 2007, a part of the 65th Fires Brigade.[68] [74] [75] Prior to the regiment being consolidated into another unit, almost 90% of the soldiers of the regiment had already seen combat in the War on Terror, as strained resources led to more national guardsmen serving in overseas conflicts.

Awards

The regiment, and its subordinate units are authorized the following awards and streamers:[2] [3]
Presidential Unit Citations

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

Campaign streamers:

Lineage

The lineage of the unit is as follows:

Legacy

During the Bataan Death March, Salinas had the unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of soldiers per capita in the march, of any city in the United States.[76] Of the 105 soldiers who left Salinas, who made up a large part of the 114 men who were part of Company C, 46 or 47 survived the war.[77] [78] In October 2011, Sergeant Roy Diaz was reported to be the last surviving Salinas member of Company C; he was the subject of an Emmy Award winning story produced by KTEH,[79] [80] [81] and in February 2012, it was proposed that an access road off Airport Boulevard in Salinas, leading to Salinas Municipal Airport, be named for Diaz.[82] In fact, Diaz was not the lone survivor, but was one of three. By June 2013 all had died, with the last survivor of Company C being Manny Nevarez; he had been a private, and spent time on Mindanao and in Japan as a POW.[83]

Descendant units

Memorials

In 2006, a memorial was erected at the Boronda History Center to commemorate the soldiers of Company C 194th Tank Battalion.[86] This follows a memorial located at Camp San Luis Obispo depicting the actions of Morello's tank on 26 December 1941.[87] In Salinas, a triangular park was named Bataan Memorial Park.[88]

Popular media

In July 1918, some of the soldiers that were part of Troop C, were already in France and participated in the Second Battle of the Marne; one of these soldiers (Martin Hopps) died during the battle, becoming the first soldier from Salinas to die during World War I; he is mentioned in John Steinbeck's book East of Eden.[89]

Tanks of the 40th Tank Company were used during the filming of The Big House.[90]

In the film Bataan, Desi Arnaz depicts a California National Guardsman in a multi-racial unit fighting a delaying action.[91]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 149 Armor Regiment . 28 October 2011 . The Institute of Heraldry . https://web.archive.org/web/20130620105946/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=8079 . 20 June 2013.
    Web site: 149th Armored Regiment . . 27 November 2018 . California State Military Museum . California State Military Department.
  2. Web site: 149th Armor Regiment . . . 8 February 2012.
  3. Book: Armor-Cavalry Regiments: Army National Guard Lineage . Jeffrey Lynn . Pope . Leonid E. . Kondratiuk . 1995 . DIANE Publishing . 9780788182068 . 44–45.
  4. Lee . LTC Shane E. . November–December 2005 . Army National Guard Armor/Cavalry Home Station Locations CONUS FY06 . Armor . CXIV . 6 . 46–49 . 0004-2420 . PB 17-05-6.
  5. Web site: Brigadier General Mark G. Malanka . . 10 September 2018 . United States National Guard Bureau.
  6. Works Progress Administration . California National Guard . California State Library . 1940 . 6 January 2015 . History of the Troop C, 1st Squadron of Cavalry, National Guard of California 1911–1917 . History Office, Camp San Luis Obispo . California State Military Museum .
  7. . 1895 . National Guard of California . California State Military Museum . 3 April 2019 .
    Web site: The Creation of the National Guard of California . Marshall . Norman S. . Denger . Mark J. . 10 August 2017 . California State Military Museum . California Military Department.
  8. Web site: A History of the Salinas National Guard Company 1895–1995 . News . Monterey County Historical Society . October 2004. Anderson . Burton.
  9. Yockelson . Mitchell . Fall 1997 . The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition . Prologue . United States National Archives.
  10. Web site: National Defense Act of 1916 . Williams . Glen . May 2016 . CMH News and Features . United States Army.
  11. Web site: On the Mexican Border, 1914 and 1916 . California State Military Museum . California State Military Department . 17 September 2012 . Landis . Brett A..
  12. Book: Gary S. . Breschini. Mona . Gudgel. Trudy . Haversat. Early Salinas. 2005. Arcadia Publishing. 9780738529936. 100.
    Sacramento District US Army Corps of Engineers . 2002 . 8 February 2016 . Final Inventory and Evaluation of National Register of Historic Places Eligibility of California Army National Guard Armories . California State Military Museum .
  13. Book: Enoch Barton . Garey. Olin Oglesby . Ellis. Ralph . Van Deman Magoffin. American Guide Book to France and Its Battlefields. 1920. Macmillan. 253.
  14. Book: History of the Fortieth (Sunshine) Division: Containing a Brief History of All Units Under the Command of Major General Frederick S. Strong, 1917–1919. 1920. C.S. Hutson. 61–67.
  15. Work Projects Administration . History Office, Camp San Luis Obispo . 23 January 2015 . 1940 . Activities of the California National Guard During The World War 1917–1919 . California State library . 3359 . Project No. 665008-3-128. California State Military Museum .
  16. Book: Clark, George B. . The American Expeditionary Force in World War I: A Statistical History, 1917–1919. 23 February 2013. McFarland. 9781476612201. 281.
  17. Book: Stubbs. Mary Lee. Connor. Stanley Russell. Armor-cavalry: Army National Guard. 1972. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army. 205–206.
  18. Anderson . Burton . 1996 . Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in the Philippines, 1941–42 . Armor . CV . 3 . 32–36 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20120225223552/http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/armormagazine/content/Issues/1996/ArmorMayJune1996web.pdf . 25 February 2012.
  19. Book: Caldwell, Donald L. . Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II. 1 April 2019. Stackpole Books. 9780811767415. 22, 129. Salinas was awarded California's company, and the 40th Tank Company was authorized in June 1924. It received eight six-ton M1917 tanks and outgrew the town's old armory and two that succeeded it..
  20. News: Cabrera . Marcos . 8 August 2018 . Family of Bataan Death March survivors honored . The Californian . Salinas, California.
  21. Works Progress Administration . 1940 . 24 January 2015 . History of the 40th Tank Company, California National Guard 1924-1939 . California State Library . California State Military Museum .
  22. Web site: Folsom Prison Riot, 1927 . . December 2017 . California State Military Museum . California Military Department.
  23. Book: Caldwell, Donald L. . Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II. 1 April 2019. Stackpole Books. 9780811767415. 23.
  24. Mentor . LTC John M. . Evans . 1LT Michael R. . November–December 1998 . Remember the Road to Bataan: Training for War in a Resource-Short Environment (Reserve Component) . Armor . CVII . 6 . 34–49 . 0004-2420 . PB 17-98-6.
  25. R.H. . Williams . September–October 1937 . Fourth Army Maneuvers . https://web.archive.org/web/20190601203143/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a499814.pdf . live . 1 June 2019 . The Coast Artillery Journal . 80 . 5 . 412–416 . Coast Artillery Training Center . Fort Monroe, Virginia.
  26. Van den Berg . William J. . 2004 . Employing an Armor Quick Reaction Force in the Area Defense: The 194th Tank Battalion in Action During the Luzon Defensive Campaign 1941–42 . Armor . CXVIII . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070928/https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/armormagazine/content/IssuesCAC/2004/ArmorMarchApril2004web.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead.
  27. Web site: 1st Combined Arms Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment . . 2018 . Minnesota National Guard.
  28. News: War Tests a Town: With personal stake in WWII, Salinas emerged as full-fledged city. . The Salinas Californian . 22 May 2009. The unit's ranks were filled largely from the Salinas High School classes of 1938 and '39. . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223163933/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522040/WAR-TESTS-TOWN-personal-stake-WWII-Salinas-emerged-full-fledged-city- . 23 December 2014.
  29. News: . City Says, 'Farewell'- TANK UNIT LEAVES -Off for Year's Training . Salinas Index-Journal . 17 February 1941 . 20 March 2019.
  30. Book: Caldwell, Donald L. . Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II. 1 April 2019. Stackpole Books. 9780811767415. 32–34.
  31. Book: Dooley, Colonel Thomas . World War II Journal . Volume 5 of World War II Journal Series . The First U.S. Tank Action in World War II . https://books.google.com/books?id=utbD8wwF91kC&q=194th&pg=PA14 . Ray . Merriam . 1999 . Merriam Press . 9781576381649 . 14–19.
  32. Book: Fredriksen, John C. . The United States Army: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present . 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 9781598843446 . 260. registration .
  33. Web site: The Provisional Tank Group: United States Army Forces in the Far East . The Office of the Adjutant General, Kentucky National Guard . 15 June 1961. https://web.archive.org/web/20150409071316/http://kynghistory.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/B74F1531-DF3A-4954-8BC0-A152DD82ADCD/0/BookletBataanMemorialDedicationHarrodsburg15Jun1961.pdf . 9 April 2015.
    Book: South to Bataan, North to Mukden: The Prison Diary of Brigadier General W. E. Brougher . University of Georgia Press . 27 September 2012 . James, D. Clayton . 2012 . 12 . 9780820337951.
  34. Web site: California and the Second World War:A Short History of the California National Guard in World World II . California Military Museum . California State Military Department . 1 October 2012.
  35. Armor on Luzon (Comparison of Employment of Armored Units in the 1941—1942 and 1945 Luzon Campaigns) . United States Army . 25 September 2012 . McHenny . William S. . William D. . Beard . Alfred . Seunlau . David O. . Fleming . Leo . Nawn Jr. . William A. . Burke . Robert S. . Ferrari . Francis J. . Kelly . John H. . Cleveland . Research Report . 1950 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052729/http://www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/Armorpapers/Committee%209,%20ArmoronLuzon.pdf . 21 September 2012 . dead .
  36. Book: Morton . Louis . Kent Roberts . Greenfield . Command Decisions . 19 September 2012 . 2000 . 1960 . United States Army Center of Military History . 151–172 . The Decision To Withdraw to Bataan . http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_06.htm . 30 December 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm . dead .
  37. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XI. Withdrawal in the South . http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_11.htm . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  38. Book: Leary, William M. . MacArthur and the American Century: A Reader . William M. Leary . 2003 . U of Nebraska Press . 9780803280205 . 97.
  39. Web site: At a Roadblock on the Road to Bataan . Heritage Series . . 19 September 2012 . Millsap . Don . https://web.archive.org/web/20110814073903/http://www.ng.mil/resources/photo_gallery/heritage/bataan.html . 14 August 2011.
  40. Web site: Staff Sergeant Emil C. Morello Army . Military Times Hall of Valor . Gannett Government Media . 24 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225738/http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/citation.php?citation=107843 . 23 May 2014 . dead.
  41. Web site: General Orders No. 7 . Robert M. Joyce . Robert M. . Joyce . 13 March 1984 . Headquarters, Department of the Army . United States Army. https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230224/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/GO8407.pdf . 23 May 2014 . dead.
  42. Book: Cogan, Frances B. . Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941–1945 . 2000 . University of Georgia Press . 9780820321172 . 41.
  43. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XII. Holding the Road to Bataan . http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_12.htm . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  44. Book: General MacArthur and President Truman: The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy . Rovere . Richard Halworth . Schlesinger . Arthur Meier . 1951 . Transaction Publishers . 9781560006091 . 55.
  45. Web site: The Lesson of Bataan: The Story of the Philippine and Bataan Quartermaster Depots . Captain Harold A. . Armold . November–December 1946 . Quartermaster Museum . United States Army.
  46. Web site: G-4 of Luzon Force Report . Colonel Roy C. . Hilton . 29 January 1946 . Battle for Bataan! . New Mexico State University. https://web.archive.org/web/20131205205955/http://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/curriculum/resources/historical%20resources/g_4_report.html . 5 December 2013 . dead .
  47. Vandenberg . Major William J. . 2009 . Executing the Double Retrograde Delay . The Foxhole . XVI . 2 . 4–9 . 196th Regimental Combat Team Association . https://web.archive.org/web/20141104064246/http://www.196rct.org/Apr%2009%20Foxhole.pdf . 4 November 2014.
    VandenBergh . Major William J. . November–December 2002 . Executing the Double Retrograde Delay: The 194th Tank Battalion in action during the Luzon Defensive Campaign 1941–42 . Armor . CXI . 6 . 26–31 . 0004-2420.
  48. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XII. Holding the Road to Bataan . http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_12.htm . 214–215 . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  49. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XII. Into Bataan . https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_13.htm . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  50. Book: Salecker, Gene Eric . Rolling Thunder Against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II. 2008. Stackpole Books. 9780811703147. 63–64.
  51. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XV. Setting the Stage . https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_15.htm . 248 . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
    Whitman . John W. . 1 June 1984 . US Army Doctrinal Effectiveness on Bataan, 1942: The First Battle . Master's thesis . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College . Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . 15 .
    Book: Hough, Frank Olney . Ludwig . Verle E. . Shaw . Henry I. . 1958 . History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in WWII, Volume I: Pearl Harbor To Guadalcanal . Chapter 2: Bataan Prelude . United States Marine Corps . 172 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170125124452/http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400_1.pdf . 25 January 2017 . 3 June 2019 . dead . Alt URL
  52. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XVI. The First Battle of Bataan . https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_16.htm . 216 . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  53. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XIX. The Japanese Withdrawal . https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_19.htm . 347–352 . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  54. Book: Morton . Louis . The Fall of the Philippines . Kert Roberts . Greenfield . United States Army in World War II . 1953 . 2006 . Center of Military History . Washington, D.C. . XXIV. The Final Japanese Offensive . https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_24.htm . 18 September 2012 . 8 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 . dead .
  55. Book: Salecker, Gene Eric . Rolling Thunder Against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II. 2008. Stackpole Books. 9780811703147. 111.
  56. News: The 194th lives on in our hearts . The Salinas Californian . 22 May 2009. Albanese . Jim . Some of the Allied troops escaped to Corregidor and a few fled into the jungle to wage an effective three-year guerrilla campaign. . https://web.archive.org/web/20150722080941/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522033/COLUMN-Albanese-194th-lives-our-hearts . 22 July 2015.
  57. Book: Decker, Malcolm . From Bataan to Safety: The Rescue of 104 American soldiers in the Philippines . 2008 . McFarland . 9780786433964 . 79.
    Web site: Tec 5 Eugene P. Zingheim . Bataan Commemorative Research Project . Proviso East High School, Proviso Township High Schools District 209 . 25 September 2012.
    Web site: Guerrillas in the Philippines . . West-point.org . The West Point Connection . 8 June 2019.
    Bill . Fassoth . Fassoth Camp . http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/BataanDiary/InformationDownload/BD-0000642 . 1094 . 30 . Guerrillas . 258 . Philippine Archive Collection . http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/ . Brigadier-General Francisco Licuanan Jr. Collection . United States National Archives . College Park, Maryland .
  58. Web site: Bataan Memorial . Eugene . Ferris . 8 April 2006 . Monterey County Historical Society. Six soldiers in Company C were awarded Silver Stars. The whole Company received two United States Presidential Unit Citations and the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation. In addition, the members all received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart. .
  59. Hill . Roderic L. . Roderic L. Hill . 1963 . Biennial report of the Adjutant General . State of California, Military Department . 112 . Hathi Trust Digital Library .
  60. News: . 21 June 1962 . Guard Unit in Training at Roberts . The Californian . Salinas, California. Newspapers.com .
  61. News: Local veteran reflects on his 30-year service with Santa Cruz National Guard unit . Blumenfeld . Zoe . Santa Cruz Sentinel . 12 November 2006. https://archive.today/20130202083259/http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=43400 . 2 February 2013 . live .
  62. . 9 September 1996 . August 1965 . Military Support of Law Enforcement During Civil Disturbances . California Office of State Printing . 84156-660 12-66 2M . 60 . California State Military Museum.
  63. News: This was Brainerd-Jan.27. 26 February 2012. Brainerd Dispatch.
    News: . Guardsmen in Training . Sentinel . Santa Cruz, California . 26 January 1982.
  64. 1985 . Military Construction Appropriations for 1986 . United States Government Printing Office . 1383 . Committee on Appropriations. Hathi Trust Digital Library.
  65. Book: George, Bruce . Bruce George . Jane's NATO Handbook, 1990–91. December 1990. Jane's Information Group. 9780710605986.
    Book: Intl Institute for Strategic Studies . Military Balance 1989-90 . London, United Kingdom . Brassey's (UK) Ltd . 9780080403526 . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
  66. Web site: Brigadier General Matthew P. Beevers . August 2012 . General Officer Management . National Guard Bureau. https://web.archive.org/web/20121221113153/http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/2484.htm . 21 December 2012.
    Web site: Assistant Adjutant General . 2011 . California National Guard . State of California. https://web.archive.org/web/20130617192101/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/otag/Pages/Beevers.aspx . 17 June 2013.
  67. Web site: 40th Infantry Division (Mechanized) Order of Battle, 1994 . California Military Museum . California State Military Department . 8 February 2012.
  68. Web site: Lineage and Honors 340th Support Battalion . 20 December 2011 . United States Army Center of Military History . United States Army.
  69. Web site: Regimental Systems of the California National Guard . California State Military Museum . California State Military Department . 22 February 2013. Johnson . Danny M..
  70. Web site: FY 1997 Reserve Component Reduction Plan. 14 January 1997. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Department of Defense. https://web.archive.org/web/20120915211442/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/inac97.html. 15 September 2012.
  71. Web site: National Guard and Reserve Units Called to Active Duty (September 10, 2003) . 10 September 2003 . Department of Defense. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714151852/http://www.defense.gov/news/Sep2003/d20030910ngr.pdf . 14 July 2015.
  72. Web site: Operation NOBLE EAGLE III . CPT Alana . Schwermer . SFC Steve . Payer . Summer 2003 . The Grizzly . California National Guard. The 132nd Engineer Battalion, the 1st Battalion, 149th Armor Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 185th Armor Regiment, the 870th Military Police Company, and several other California National Guard units, have been an integral part of NOBLE EAGLE I and II..
  73. News: Veterans fight for unit . 21 February 2005. Stahl . Zachary . The Salinas Californian . https://web.archive.org/web/20141223162428/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522032/Veterans-fight-unit . 23 December 2014.
    News: Stahl . Zachary . 21 February 2005 . Veterans/ Fight for unit . The Californian . Salinas, California.
    Web site: Brigadier General Mark G. Malanka . . August 2017 . Ministry of the Armed Forces (France) . 29 June 2019 . While serving as the Commander of the 1-149th Armor Battalion, his Battalion took part in Operation NOBLE EAGLE III and then deployed with elements of the 1-149th Armor Battalion to Bosnia as part of 40th Infantry Division's mobilization for KFOR 6A. .
  74. News: Weaponry moved out of DeLaveaga armory, troops reassigned . Blumenfeld . Zoe . Santa Cruz Sentinel . 7 November 2006. https://archive.today/20121128221954/http://67.15.208.115/printstory.php?sid=43242&storySection=Local . dead . 28 November 2012 .
  75. Web site: California Center for Military History . 2006 . Military History Unit . State of California. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213035036/http://calsmrnavhis.homestead.com/CCMH_Projects_Overview.pdf . 13 December 2013.
  76. News: Memorial honors WWII soldiers . The Salinas Californian . 22 May 2009. Bell . Katharine . https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232123/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522029/Memorial-honors-WWII-soldiers . 25 May 2014.
  77. News: Roy Diaz of Salinas, Bataan Death March survivor, celebrates 95th birthday . Dave . Nordstrand . The Salinas Californian . 21 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232126/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/99999999/NEWS11/110220309/Roy-Diaz-Salinas-Bataan-Death-March-survivor-celebrates-95th-birthday . 25 May 2014.
  78. News: Bataan ordeal remembered . Jim . Albanese . The Salinas Californian . 22 May 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232120/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522027/Bataan-ordeal-remembered . 25 May 2014.
  79. Web site: Emmy 2011: This Show Was Golden! . Keith . Sanders . July 2011 . Off Camera . The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences: San Francisco/Northern California Chapter. https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214202/http://www.emmysf.tv/offcamera/0711.pdf . 25 May 2014 .
  80. 2010 . Roy Diaz . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/6G-aj6zNsf8. 2021-11-14 . live. KTEHTV.
  81. Web site: KQED wins seven Northern California Emmy Awards . Meredith . Gandy . 13 June 2011 . Pressroom . KQED (TV). https://archive.today/20130415063037/http://blogs.kqed.org/pressroom/2011/06/13/kqed-wins-seven-northern-california-emmy%C2%AE-awards/ . 15 April 2013 . dead.
  82. Web site: Report to the City Council . Gary . Peterson . 28 February 2012 . Street Naming Committee .
  83. Web site: Last Calif. Guard Bataan Death March survivors die . Sweeney . Jason . 1 August 2013 . California National Guard . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service.
  84. Web site: 115th Area Support Group . California Military Museum . California State Military Department . 26 March 2013 . Sebby . Daniel M..
  85. Web site: 670th Military Police Company . . 18 May 2008 . California Military Museum . California Military Department.
  86. Web site: Bataan Memorial . Salinas . Monterey County Historical Society . 24 September 2012.
    Book: Greg . Dickinson. Carole . Blair. Brian L. . Ott. Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials. 2 August 2010. University of Alabama Press. 9780817356132. 154–155.
  87. Web site: Camp San Luis Obispo, Bataan Memorial . California Military Museum . California State Military Department . 24 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140312051236/http://www.militarymuseum.org/BataanMem.html . 12 March 2014.
  88. Book: Douglas E. . Kyle. Hero Eugene . Rensch. Ethel Grace . Rensch. William Mildred Brooke . Hoover. Historic Spots in California: Fifth Edition. 6 September 2002. Stanford University Press. 9780804778176. 641.
    Rubbin . Sara . 19 March 2015 . Salinas approves plan to revitalize downtown. . Monterey County Weekly . Seaside, California . 24 May 2019 .
    Web site: Bataan Park . Bill . Pfingsten . Barry . Swackhamer . 16 June 2016 . The Historical Marker Database.
  89. News: Albanese . Jim . 9 November 2014 . The Wayback Machine: Salinas' World War I heroes . The Californian . Salinas.
    Book: Shillinglaw, Susan . A Journey into Steinbeck's California. 15 September 2011. Roaring Forties Press. Berkeley, California. 9780984625482. 25.
    News: Nordstrand . Dave . 16 January 2015 . Steinbeck volunteers visit the master's grave . The Californian . Salinas.
  90. Valjean . Nelson . November 1942 . Home of the brave- . The Elks Magazine . Dayton, Ohio . . 27 July 2019 . 27 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190727215849/https://wws.elks.org/magazinescans/1942-11A.pdf . dead .
  91. Book: Shull, Michael S. . Hollywood War Films, 1937–1945: An Exhaustive Filmography of American Feature-Length Motion Pictures Relating to World War II. 27 July 2006. McFarland. 9780786428540. 194.
    Book: Westwell, Guy . War Cinema: Hollywood on the Front Line. 2006. Wallflower Press. 9781904764540. 35.
    Book: Beltrán, Mary . Latina/o Stars in U.S. Eyes: The Making and Meanings of Film and TV Stardom. 2009. University of Illinois Press. 9780252076510. 49–50.
    Haskell . Bob . September 2007 . Reel War . National Guard . Washington, D.C. . National Guard Association of the United States.
    1943 . Let's Get Organized . Turner Classic Movies .
    Stolkin . Richard . Fall 2001 . Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality . American Literary History . 13 . 3 . 469–498 . 10.1093/alh/13.3.469. 143996198 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "149th Armored Regiment".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.