1391 Explained

Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January - December

• June 6  - Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain.^[1] Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
• July 18  - Tokhtamysh–Timur war  - Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.^[2]

Date unknown

• Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.^[3]
• Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
• Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
• Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
• A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
• Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
• Roman I succeeds Petru, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).
• Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
• Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
• The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
• Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
• The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.^[4]
• The Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in the Nanjing area.

Births

• June 24  - Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
• July 31  - Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
• October 31  - Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
• November 6  - Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
• Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
• Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)

Deaths

• January 16  - Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
• February 16  - John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
• March 10  - King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
• November 1  - Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
• Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
• date unknown
  • Petru, Prince of Moldavia
  • Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)

Notes and References

1. Book: Freund . Scarlett . Jewish-Christian Encounters Over the Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue . Ruiz . 1994 . P. Lang . 978-0-8204-2082-0 . Perry . Marvin . 169–195 . Jews, Conversos, and the Inquisition in Spain, 1391–1492: The Ambiguities of History . Schweitzer . Frederick M..
2. Book: Tucker, Spencer C. . A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]

   From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ]

   . 2009-12-23 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-672-5 . 428 . en.
3. Book: Barker, John W. . Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425); a study in late Byzantine statesmanship . 1969 . Rutgers University Press . 0-8135-0582-8 . New Brunswick, N.J. . xxiv . 11370.
4. Book: Grendler, Paul F. . The Universities of the Italian Renaissance . 2004-09-29 . JHU Press . 978-0-8018-8055-1 . 99 . en.