1314 Explained

Events

January  - March

• January 17  - Queen Oljath, who had been the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Georgia as wife of King Vakhtang II (d. 1292), and then his cousin, King David VIII (d. 1302), marries a third time, taking as her husband Qara Sonqur, Governor of Maragheh (now in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran), in exchange for a dowry of 30,000 dinars.^[1]
• January 21  - (3 Shawwal 713 AH) Muhammad III of Granada, who had been the Sultan from 1302 to 1309, is murdered by being drowned in the pool of the Dar al-Kubra, on orders of his brother, the Sultan Nasr.^[2] Nasr himself is forced to abdicate 18 days later.
• February 8  - (21 Shawwal 713 AH) In what is now part of Spain, Abu al-Juyush Nasr ibn Muhammad is forced to abdicate as the ruler of the Emirate of Granada by his nephew, Abu'l-Walid Ismail I ibn Faraj, who is proclaimed at the Alhambra as the new Sultan.
• February 27  - Walter de Godeton, Lord of Chale, is convicted of theft arising from the April 20, 1313 incident of the plundering of wine from a ship wrecked on the Isle of Wight, and fined 287 marks.
• March 18  - Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar and Geoffroy de Charney, are by orders of King Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair) taken to an island on the River Seine and burned at the stake in front of Notre-Dame de Paris. Jacques declares his innocence and that the Templar Order is also innocent of all the charges of heresy. It is said that Jacques predicts the deaths of both Philip and Pope Clement V within the year.^[3]
• March  - Tour de Nesle Affair: After confirmation that two of his sons' wives are engaged in adultery, King Philip IV the Fair of France orders the arrest of his daughters-in-law, Margaret of Burgundy (the wife of Prince Louis X); Blanche of Burgundy (wife of Prince Charles of Valois), and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (wife of Prince Philip V). The arrests come after the accusations of King Philip's daughter, Isabella, Queen consort of England, and surveillance of the Tower of Nesle.^[4] The two knights arrested for adultery, Philip of Aunay and Walter of Aunay, are imprisoned as well. Joan II is charged with being an accessory for being aware of the crime and not reporting it, and put under house arrest until after King Philip's death later in the year. Blanche is imprisoned at the Château Gaillard until 1322. Margaret will die of illness in prison a year later, and five months after technically becoming Queen consort of France.^[5] Philip of Aunay and Walter of Aunay will be tortured and executed.^[6]

April  - June

• April 4  - Exeter College in England is founded by Bishop Walter de Stapledon, as a school to educate clergy.
• April 19  - Philip of Aunay and his older brother Walter de Aunay, convicted of adultery with Margaret of Burgundy and Blanch of Burgundy, respectively, both of whom are two daughters-in-law of King Philip IV of France, are executed. The manner of their execution is particularly brutal, following torture at the Place du Grand Martroy in Pontoise.^[7]
• April 20  - Pope Clement V dies after an 9-year pontificate at Roquemaure. During his reign, Clement reorganizes and centralizes the administration of the Catholic Church.^[8]
• May 1  - The papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Clement V begins at the Carpentras Cathedral with 23 Roman Catholic cardinals in attendance, of whom the votes of 16 are necessary to elect a new Pontiff. The cardinals are divided into three factions, none of which have more than eight people, with a group from Italy (led by Guillaume de Mandagot), who want to move the papacy back to Rome; nine from Gascony, most of whom are relatives of Pope Clement (led by Arnaud de Pellegrue); and five from Provence (led by Berengar Fredol). The Italian cardinals walk out three months later after being harassed and threaten to elect their own Pope. The conclave will not meet again for two years, during which time there is no Pope.
• May 14  - In Italy, more than 50 of the Fraticelli spiritualists of the Franciscan order of Tuscany are excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Archbishop of Genoa after refusing to return to obedience to the Pope.^[9]
• June 17  - English forces led by King Edward II leave Berwick-upon-Tweed to march to Stirling Castle. They cross the River Tweed at Wark and Coldstream and march west across the flat Merse of Berwickshire towards Lauderdale. In Earlston, Edward uses a road through the Lammermuir Hills (an old Roman road) practical for the wheeled transport of a long supply train as well as the cavalry and infantry.^[10]
• June 19  - English forces march to the environs of Edinburgh, here Edward II waits for the wagon train of over 200 baggage and supply wagons – which straggle behind the long columns, to catch up. At the nearby port of Leith, English supply ships land stores for the army – who will be well rested before the 35miles march that will bring them to Stirling Castle, before the deadline of June 24.^[11]
• June 23  - English forces approach the Scottish positions at Torwood, mounted troops under Gilbert de Clare are confronted by Scottish forces and repulsed. During the fierce fighting, Henry de Bohun is killed in a duel by King Robert the Bruce. Edward II and forward elements, mainly cavalry, encamp at Bannockburn. The baggage train and the majority of the forces arrive in the evening.^[12]
• June 24  - Battle of Bannockburn: Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at Bannockburn. During the battle, the Scottish pikemen formed in schiltrons (or phalanx) repulses the English cavalry (some 2,000 men). Edward II flees with his bodyguard (some 500 men), while panic spreads among the remaining forces, turning their defeat into a rout.^{[13] [14]}
• June 25  - Edward II arrives at Dunbar Castle, and takes safely a ship to Bamburgh in Northumberland. His mounted escort takes the coastal route from Dunbar to Berwick.^[15]

July  - September

• July 14  - The Italian cardinals participating in the papal conclave in France walk out after weeks of harassment by supporters of a French candidate for pope. The rest of the College of Cardinals disperse to Avignon, seat of the Papacy; Orange, now in the département of Vaucluse, and Valence in the now in the département of Drôme.
• August 14  - Scottish raiders led by Edward Bruce plunder the north-eastern counties in the Pennines, they are attacked at Stainmore by the English under Andrew Harclay.^[16]
• August 31  - King Haakon V Magnusson of Norway moves his capital from Bergen to Oslo – where he builds Akershus Fortress, from which Norway is ruled for the next 500 years. Haakon expands his reign from the new capital.^[17]
• September 29  - In exchange for the captured English nobles, Edward II releases Elizabeth de Burgh, wife of Robert the Bruce, his sister Mary Bruce, and his daughter Marjorie Bruce.^[18]

October  - December

• October 19
  • The 25-year-old Frederick the Fair of the House of Habsburg is elected King of the Romans at Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main), by four of the electors and is crowned at Bonn Minster on November 25.
  • Louis IV the Bavarian of the House of Wittelsbach is elected King of the Romans at Sachsenhausen during an imperial election and is crowned at Aachen. A civil war breaks out in the Holy Roman Empire.
• November 29  - Louis X, dubbed ("Louis the Quarrelsome", becomes the King of France after his father, King Philip IV, is killed in a hunting accident at Fontainebleau.
• December 3  - The state funeral and burial of King Philip IV takes place at the Basilica of Saint-Denis near Paris.
• December 9  - Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict: In Germany, the Margraviate of Brandenburg renounces all claims to the region around Loitz (now in the northeast Germany's state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) to the Principality of Rügen in Denmark in return for payment.^[19]

By place

Europe

• Stephen II becomes ruler (ban) of Bosnia following the death of his father Stephen I Kotromanić. He rules the lands from the River Sava to the Adriatic Sea, but does not effectively begin to rule until 1322.^[20]

Africa

• Amda Seyon I, known as "the Pillar of Zion" begins his reign as Emperor of Ethiopia, during which he expands into Muslim territory to the southeast. He enlarges his kingdom by incorporating a number of smaller states.^[21]

By topic

Religion

• The Ozbek Han Mosque is built in the realm of Özbeg Khan in the Crimea.^[22]

Births

• January 13  - John Bardolf, English nobleman and peerage (d. 1363)
• March 10  - Ramathibodi I, Thai nobleman, prince and ruler (d. 1369)
• May 13  - Sergius of Radonezh, Russian abbot and reformer (d. 1392)
• June 24  - Philippa of Hainault, queen consort of Edward III (d. 1369)
• October 18  - Giles de Badlesmere, English nobleman and knight (d. 1338)
• date unknown
  • Akmal al-Din al-Babarti, Syrian scholar and theologian (d. 1384)
  • John of Arkel, Dutch nobleman, bishop and prince-bishop (d. 1378)
  • Li Shanchang, Chinese official, chancellor and politician (d. 1390)^[23]
  • Toqto'a (or "Dayong", Chinese official, historian and writer (d. 1356)
  • Valdemar III, King of Denmark from the House of Estridsen (d. 1364)
  • William Devereux the Younger, English nobleman (d. 1384)

Deaths

• January 21  - Muhammad III, Nasrid ruler (sultan) (b. 1257)
• January 30  - Nicholas III of Saint Omer, Latin nobleman
• February 8  - Helen of Anjou, queen of Serbia (b. 1235)
• February 10  - Riccardo Petroni, Italian cardinal (b. 1250)
• March 4  - Jakub Świnka, Polish priest and archbishop
• March 18
  • Geoffroy de Charney, French nobleman and preceptor
  • Jacques de Molay, French nobleman and Grand Master
• April 20  - Clement V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1264)
• May 3  - Emilia Bicchieri, Italian nun and prioress (b. 1238)
• May 31  - James Salomoni, Italian priest, prior and saint (b. 1231)
• June 23  - Henry de Bohun, English nobleman, knight and duelist
• June 24  - (Battle of Bannockburn)
  • Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman, knight and peerage (b. 1291)
  • Giles d'Argentan, Norman nobleman, favourite and knight (b. 1280)
  • Robert Clifford, English nobleman, knight and High Sheriff (b. 1274)
  • William de Vescy, Norman nobleman, knight and peerage (b. 1296)
  • William Marshal, English nobleman, knight and Marshal of Ireland
• September 30  - Yolanda I, French noblewoman and ruler (suo jure) (b. 1257)
• October 21  - Geoffrey de Geneville, English nobleman and diplomat (b. 1226)
• November 20  - Albert II the Degenerate, German ruler and knight (b. 1240)
• November 25  - Nicholas "the Child", German nobleman and knight (b. 1261)
• November 29  - Philip IV the Fair, King of France from the House of Capet, in a hunting accident (b. 1268)
• date unknown
  • Ahmed al-Ghubrini, Algerian scholar, biographer and chronicler (b. 1264)
  • Alan la Zouche, English nobleman, knight, governor and steward (b. 1267)
  • Alexander Bonini, Italian Minister General, philosopher and writer (b. 1270)
  • Ermengol X, Spanish nobleman and adviser (House of Cabrera) (b. 1254)
  • Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer, mathematician and politician (b. 1231)
  • Henry Percy, English nobleman, landowner, magnate and knight (b. 1273)
  • John Balliol ("Toom Tabard"), king of Scotland (House of Balliol) (b. 1249)
  • Nicholas III, Hungarian nobleman and Master of the Treasury (b. 1285)
  • Nikō, Japanese Buddhist monk, teacher and religious leader (b. 1253)
  • Rainier I, Genoese nobleman and knight (House of Grimaldi) (b. 1267)
  • Sanggye Pal, Tibetan teacher and Imperial Preceptor (dishi) (b. 1267)
  • Stephen I Kotromanić, Bosnian nobleman (ban) and ruler (b. 1242)
  • Takezaki Suenaga, Japanese nobleman, retainer and samurai (b. 1246)
  • Violante Manuel, Spanish noblewoman and princess (infanta) (b. 1265)
  • William Devereux, English nobleman, landowner and knight (b. 1244)
  • Zhu Shije (or "Hanqing"), Chinese mathematician and writer (b. 1249)
  • Wedem Arad, Emperor of Ethiopia

Notes and References

1. W.B. Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1968) p.403
2. https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6552/muhammad-iii "Muhammad III"
3. Elizabeth A. R. Brown . 2015 . Philip the Fair, Clement V, and the end of the Knights Templar: The execution of Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charny in March . Viator . 47 . 1 . 229–292. . 10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.109474.
4. Alison Weir, Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England (Pimlico, 2006) p.92,99
5. Jacqueline Broad and Karen Green, Virtue, Liberty, and Toleration: Political Ideas of European Women, 1400–1800 (Springer, 2007) p.8
6. Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis: A Cultural History, pp. 17–21. London: Leicester University Press. .
7. Didier Audinot, Histoires effrayantes (Editions Grancher, 2006)
8. Menache, Sophia (2002). Clement V, p. 2. Cambridge University Press. .
9. William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity (Scarecrow Press, 2012) p. 131
10. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, pp. 38–39. .
11. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 39. .
12. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, pp. 54–55. .
13. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, pp. 70–71. .
14. Web site: Black . Andrew . What was the Battle of Bannockburn about? . BBC . 21 March 2019 . 24 June 2014.
15. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 79. .
16. Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 83. .
17. Helle, Knut (1964). Norge blir en stat, 1130–1319 (Universitetsforlaget). .
18. Barrow, Geoffrey W. S. (1988). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, p. 231. Edinburgh University Press.
19. Gerhard Heitz and Henning Rischer, Geschichte in Daten: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ("History in Data: Mecklenburg-West Pomerania") (Koehler & Amelang, 1995) p.177
20. Book: Gábor Ágoston . The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe . Princeton University Press . 2021 . 9780691159324 . 543.
21. Book: Brian L. Fargher. The Origins of the New Churches Movement in Southern Ethiopia, 1927-1944. University of Aberdeen. 1996. 9789004106611. 11.
22. Web site: Crimean Tatar Architecture . International Committee for Crimea . 2011-02-20.
23. Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800, p. 550. Harvard University Press. .