| 12 cm/12 short naval gun | |
| Type: | Naval gun Coastal artillery Anti-aircraft gun Anti-submarine gun |
| Is Artillery: | yes |
| Is Ranged: | yes |
| Service: | 1941-45 |
| Wars: | World War II |
| Designer: | Kure Naval Arsenal |
| Design Date: | 1941 |
| Manufacturer: | Yokosuka Naval Arsenal |
| Number: | 550 |
| Weight: | Total: 1890kg (4,170lb) Barrel: 218kg (481lb) |
| Length: | 1.5m (04.9feet) |
| Part Length: | 1.4m (04.6feet) L/12 |
| Cartridge: | Fixed QF ammunition 120 x 284R[1] |
| Cartridge Weight: | 28lb |
| Caliber: | 120mm |
| Action: | Manual |
| Rate: | 8 rounds per minute |
| Velocity: | 950abbr=onNaNabbr=on |
| Range: | 2800m (9,200feet) at +75° AA |
| Max Range: | 5.3km (03.3miles) Horizontal |
| Breech: | Interrupted screw |
| Recoil: | Hydro-spring |
| Carriage: | Center pivot H/A L/A |
| Elevation: | -15° to +75° |
| Traverse: | 360° |
The 12 cm/12 short naval gun was a naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to defend merchant ships and land bases during World War II.
Since Japan is an island nation with relatively few resources it relied upon a large merchant fleet to import the resources needed for its industry and economy. As Japanese shipping losses mounted during World War II the Japanese began to organize their shipping into escorted convoys and they began arming their merchant ships to defend against attacks from Allied surface combatants, submarines and carrier-based aircraft. The 12cm/12 short naval gun was a multi-purpose gun introduced during 1941 which combined the roles of naval gun, anti-aircraft gun, coastal defense gun, and anti-submarine gun.[2]
The 12 cm/12 short naval gun was an autofretted monobloc gun with an interrupted screw breech that fired fixed QF ammunition. The trunnioned gun barrel had a hydro-spring recoil mechanism above and below the barrel and was mounted on a center pivot HA/LA gun mount. The gun was normally mounted on merchant ships below 5,000 GRT and also saw use on land as a coastal defense gun on hills overlooking Japanese harbors and installations or as an anti-aircraft gun. It was described as being a light and easy to handle hand trained weapon that could be loaded at any angle by inexperienced gun crews.[3] However, its rate of elevation/traverse 13° a second was considered too slow for effective anti-aircraft use.[4]