1268 Explained

Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By topic

War and politics

• February 18  - Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.^[1]
• April 4  - A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.^[2]
• August 23  - Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.^[3]
• October 29  - Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.^[4]
• King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.^{[5] [6]}
• The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.^[7]
• New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.^[8]
• Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.^[9]

Culture

• Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.^[10]
• The carnival in Venice is first recorded.^[11]
• In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.^[12]
• The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).^[13]

By place

Asia

• May 18  - Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.^[14]
• The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.^[15]
• Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.^[16]
• An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.^{[17] [18] [19]}
• The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.^[20]

Births

• April/June  - Philip IV of France (d. 1314)^[21]
• Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)^[22]
• Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)^[23]
• Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1327)^[24]
• Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher^[25]

Deaths

• May 15  - Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)^[26]
• July 7  - Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice^[27]
• August 11  - Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy^[28]
• October 29
  • Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. 1252)^[29]
  • Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (b. 1249)^[30]
• November 29  - Pope Clement IV
• December 9  - Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia^[31]
• date unknown
  • Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily^[32]
  • Henry de Bracton, English jurist^[33]

Notes and References

1. Book: Parppei, Kati M. J.. The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat". BRILL. 2017. 9789004337947. Leiden, Boston. 129. en.
2. Book: Finlay, George. History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII. W. Blackwood and Sons. 1854. Edinburgh and London. 441. en.
3. Book: Small, Carola M.. https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=1268+battle+of+tagliacozzo&pg=PT1098. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2004. 9781135948801. Kleinhenz. Christopher. New York and London. 1068. en. Battle of Tagliacozzo.
4. Book: Tucker, Spencer C.. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]

   From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East]

   . ABC-CLIO. 2010. 9781851096725. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford. 286. en.
5. Book: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Fine. John V. A.. Fine. John Van Antwerp. University of Michigan Press. 1994. 9780472082605. Ann Arbor, MI. 180. en. 1987.
6. Book: Madgearu, Alexandru. The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). BRILL. 2016. 9789004333192. Leiden, Boston. 255. en.
7. Book: Möller, Arnold Wilhelm. Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte. Schulz u. Wundermann. 1822. Hamm und Münster. 13–14. de.
8. Book: Dean, Trevor. The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages. Manchester University Press. 2000. 9780719052040. Manchester and New York. 219. en.
9. Book: Setton, Kenneth Meyer. The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. 1976. 9780871691149. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA. 106. en.
10. Book: Zirpolo, Lilian H.. The A to Z of Renaissance Art. Scarecrow Press. 2009. 9780810870437. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK. 342–343. en.
11. Book: McNeill, William H.. Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797. University of Chicago Press. 2009. 9780226561547. Chicago and London. 269. en. 1974.
12. Book: Oliver, Garrett. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press, USA. 2012. 9780195367133. Oxford and New York. 464. en.
13. Web site: Kolárovo city, Slovakia. fotw.info. 2019-04-17.
14. Book: Bradbury, Jim. The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. 2004. 9781134598472. London and New York. 185. en.
15. Book: Curtis Wright, David. https://books.google.com/books?id=eWD4xmLYyXIC&q=1268+Battle+of+Xiangyang&pg=PA141. Debating War in Chinese History. BRILL. 2013. 9789004244795. Lorge. Peter A.. Leiden and Boston. 141. en. Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276.
16. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=aWxN1Fq_ueoC&q=1268+Kublai+Khan+Japan&pg=PA280. Sources of Japanese Tradition. Bary. Wm. Theodore de. Gluck. Carol. Tiedemann. Arthur. Varley. Paul. Columbia University Press. 2002. 9780231518055. Second: From Earliest Times to 1600. New York and Chichester, UK. 280. en. The Mongol Invasion of Japan.
17. Walford, Cornelius (1879) The famines of the world: past and present London, page 55,
18. Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam,
19. Book: Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Gates. Alexander E.. Ritchie. David. Infobase Publishing. 2007. 9780816072705. Third. New York. 292. en. 1994.
20. Book: Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden. One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. BRILL. 2010. 9789004177321. Leiden, Boston. 224. en.
21. Book: Delph, Ronald K.. Encyclopedia of World History. Infobase Publishing. 2007. 978-0-8160-6386-4. Ackermann. Marsha E.. Facts on File Library of World History. 326. en. Schroeder. Michael J.. Terry. Janice J.. Upshur. Jiu-Hwa Lo. Whitters. Mark F..
22. Book: Renna, Thomas. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2006. 9781135459604. Schaus. Margaret C.. New York and London. 146. en.
23. Book: Hu, Wen. Encyclopedia of Chinese History. Taylor & Francis. 2017. 9781317817161. Dillon. Michael. London and New York. 634–635. en.
24. Book: Juhász, Gergely M.. Translating Resurrection: The Debate between William Tyndale and George Joye in Its Historical and Theological Context. BRILL. 2014. 9789004259522. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. 165. Leiden, Boston. 155. en.
25. Book: Neville, Robert C.. Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project. State University of New York Press. 2001. 9780791447758. Albany, New York. 162. en.
26. Book: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1268 peter savoy.. Charles Knight. 1841. London. 439. en.
27. Book: Hazlitt, William Carew. History of the Venetian Republic: Her Rise, Her Greatness, and Her Civilization. Smith, Elder & Co. 1860. II. London. 255. en.
28. Book: Cox, Eugene L.. The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Princeton University Press. 2015. 9781400867912. Princeton, New Jersey. 374. en. 1974.
29. Book: Quatriglio, Giuseppe. A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons. Legas / Gaetano Cipolla. 2005. 9780921252177. Third. Mineola, NY and Ottawa. 43. en. 1985.
30. Book: The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Bassiouni. M. Cherif. Schabas. William A.. BRILL. 2016. 9789004322097. Second Revised and Expanded . I. Leiden and Boston. 17. en.
31. Book: The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture. Janonienė. Rūta. Račiūnaitė. Tojana. Iršėnas. Marius. Butrimas. Adomas. Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. 2015. 9786094470974. Vilnius, Lithuania. 58. en.
32. Book: The Poems of the Troubadour, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. Mouton. 1964. Linskill. Richard. The Hague, Netherlands. 85. en.
33. Book: Bracton, Henry de. Bracton's Note Book: A Collection of Cases Decided in the King's Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third. Cambridge University Press. 2010. 9781108010290. Maitland. William Frederick. Cambridge and New York. 19–20. en.