1265 Explained

Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By topic

War and politics

• January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.^[1]
• March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265)  - Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.^[2]
• May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.^[3]
• June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno^[4]
• August 4 – Second Barons' War: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.^[5]
• The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.^[6]
• Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.^[7]
• In the first major battle in five years (since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.^[8]

Culture

• The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.^[9]
• The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.^[10]
• Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.^{[11] [12]}
• February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.^[13]

By place

Africa and Asia

• The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.^{[14] [15]}
• Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.^[16]
• Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.^[17]
• India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.^[18]

Births

• May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)^{[19] [20]}
• December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)^{[21] [22]}
• King Alfonso III of Aragon^[23]
• approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)^[24]
• approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (d. 1321)^[25]
• approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)^{[26] [27]}

Deaths

• January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England^[28]
• February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)^[29]
• May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)^[30]
• June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)^[31]
• August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
  • Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (b. 1223)^[32]
  • Henry de Montfort (b. 1238)^[33]
  • Peter de Montfort
  • Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (b. 1208)
• November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles^[34]
• December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist^{[35] [36]}
• Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)^[37]

Notes and References

1. Book: Lehmberg, Stanford. A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From Prehistoric Times to 1688. Routledge. 2002. 9781134415281. New York and London. 77. en.
2. Book: Zsoldos, Attila . 2007 . Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s]. História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete . 978-963-9627-15-4. 141. hu.
3. Book: Grossman, Mark. World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. 2007. 9780816074778. Facts on File Library of World History. New York. 97–98. en.
4. Book: Setton, Kenneth Meyer. The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. 1976. 9780871691149. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 114. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA. 100. en.
5. Book: The history of England, by sir J. Mackintosh (continued by W. Wallace, R. Bell).. Mackintosh. James. Wallace. William. Longman and John Taylor. 1836. I: England. London. 237–238. en.
6. Book: Bullock, H. A.. History of the Isle of Man: With a Comparative View of the Past and Present State of Society and Manners, Containing Also Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons Connected with that Island. 1265 isle of man.. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. 1816. London. 23. en.
7. Book: Howorth, Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Cosimo, Inc.. 2008. 9781605201344. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. New York. 123. en.
8. Book: Powell, John. Magill's Guide to Military History. Salem Press. 2001. 9780893560171. 3: Jap-Pel. Pasadena, CA. 854. en.
9. Book: Strabone, Jeff. Poetry and British Nationalisms in the Bardic Eighteenth Century: Imagined Antiquities. Springer. 2018. 9783319952550. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print. Cham, Switzerland. 126–127. en.
10. Book: Corte-Real, Antonio. https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3bBAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Budweiser+Budvar&pg=PA155. New Frontiers of Intellectual Property Law: IP and Cultural Heritage – Geographical Indications – Enforcement – Overprotection. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2005. 9781847312563. Heath. Christopher. Oxford and Portland, OR. 155. en. The Conflict Between Trade Marks and Geographical Indications - The Case of Budweiser in Portugal. Sanders. Anselm Kamperman.
11. Book: Aavitsland, Kristin B.. Imagining the Human Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia Delle Tre Fontane. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. 2012. 9781409438182. Surrey and Burlington, VT. 174. en.
12. Book: Kunz, George Frederick. Rings for the Finger: From the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, for Affection, for Love, for Engagement, for Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, etc. Dover Publications. 1973. 9780486144245. New York. 263. en. 1917.
13. Book: Izbicki, Thomas M.. https://books.google.com/books?id=XEQrDwAAQBAJ&q=1265+pope+Clement+IV&pg=PA230. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 2016. 9781351665667. Kibler. William W.. New York and London. 230. en. Clement IV. 1995. Zinn. Grover A..
14. Book: Stanton, Charles D.. Medieval Maritime Warfare. Pen and Sword. 2015. 9781473856431. Barnsley, UK. 104. en.
15. Book: Slack, Corliss K.. Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Scarecrow Press. 2013. 9780810878310. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK. xxxii. en.
16. Book: Okazaki, Hisahiko. A grand strategy for Japanese defense. University Press of America. 1986. 9780819153258. Lanham, MD. 4. en.
17. Book: Goitein, S. D.. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. University of California Press. 1999. 9780520221581. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London. 19. en.
18. Book: Dwivedi, Rakesh. Gs In 60 Days. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2010. 9780070670785. New Delhi. 1.49. en.
19. Book: Mostow, Joshua S.. Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation. BRILL. 2014. 9789004249431. Leiden, Boston. 99. en.
20. Book: Tonʼa. Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. Columbia University Press. 2003. 9780231125536. New York and Chichester, UK. 232. en. Steven D. Carter.
21. Book: Tonʼa. Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. Columbia University Press. 2003. 9780231125536. New York and Chichester, UK. 232. en.
22. Book: Mass, Jeffrey P.. The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century. Stanford University Press. 1997. 9780804743792. Stanford, CA. 274. en.
23. Book: Thomas, Joseph. The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Cosimo, Inc.. 2009. 9781616400699. I: A - CLU. New York. 91. en.
24. Book: Toynbee, Paget. https://books.google.com/books?id=J1UbfjYqBDYC&q=1265+Dante+Alighieri&pg=PA36. Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works. Courier Corporation. 2005. 9780486146423. Mineola, NY. 36. en. Part II: Dante in Florence.
25. Book: Martin, Therese. Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. BRILL. 2012. 9789004185555. Visualising the Middle Ages. Two. Leiden, Boston. 1083. en.
26. Book: Roberson, Gloria G.. The World of Toni Morrison: A Guide to Characters and Places in Her Novels. registration. 1265 Beatrice Portinari.. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003. 9780313323805. Wesport, CT and London. 13. en.
27. Book: Dyer, Ray. Lady Muriel: The Victorian Romance by Lewis Carroll. Troubador Publishing Ltd. 2016. 9781785890314. Kibworth Beauchamp, UK. l. en.
28. Book: The Chetham Society. Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester. 1265 John maunsell.. Chetham Society. 1890. Manchester, UK. 721. en.
29. Book: Browne, Edward G.. A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265–1502). Cambridge University Press. 2013. 9781107682412. Cambridge, UK. 17. en. 1920.
30. Book: Guiley, Rosemary. The Encyclopedia of Saints. Infobase Publishing. 2001. 9781438130262. New York. 305–306. en.
31. Book: Bartlett, Robert. Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation. Princeton University Press. 2013. 9781400848782. Princeton and Oxford. 218. en.
32. Book: Crabb, George. Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1825. II. London. en.
33. Book: Wilkinson, Louise J.. Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England. A&C Black. 2012. 9781441182197. London and New York. 208. en.
34. Book: Imsen, Steinar. The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World, C.1100-c.1400. Tapir Academic Press. 2010. 9788251925631. "Norgesveldet", Occasional Papers No. 1. Trondheim, Norway. 104. en.
35. Book: Dongen, Emanuel van. Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2014. 9789004278721. Leiden, Boston. 120. en.
36. Book: Kadens, Emily. https://books.google.com/books?id=AQyEDwAAQBAJ&q=1265+Odofredus&pg=PA178. Comparative Legal History. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2019. 9781781955222. Moréteau. Olivier. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA. 178. en. Convergence and the colonization of customs in pre-modern Europe. Masferrer. Aniceto. Modéer. Kjell A..
37. Book: Eichner, Heidrun. https://books.google.com/books?id=RKtIeQXm_ucC&q=1265+al-Abhari&pg=PA125. The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna's Metaphysics. Walter de Gruyter. 2011. 9783110215762. Hasse. Dag Nikolaus. Berlin and Boston. 125. en. Essence and Existence. Thirteenth-Century Perspectives in Arabic-Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Bertolacci. Amos.