March 11 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 222  - Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.^[1]
• 843  - Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.^[2]
• 1343  - Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 1343 O.S.), and, a year later, the first Archbishop of Prague.^[3]
• 1387  - Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.^[4]

1601–1900

• 1641  - Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.^[5]
• 1649  - The Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.^[6]
• 1702  - The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time.^[7]
• 1708  - Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.^[8]
• 1784  - The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.^[9]
• 1795  - The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory.^[10]
• 1845  - Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hōne Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororāreka, New Zealand.^[11]
• 1848  - Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.^[12]
• 1851  - The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.^[13]
• 1861  - American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.^[14]
• 1864  - The Great Sheffield Flood kills 238 people in Sheffield, England.^[15]
• 1872  - Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; it is located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.^[16]
• 1879  - Shō Tai formally abdicates his position of King of Ryūkyū, under orders from Tokyo, ending the Ryukyu Kingdom.^[17]
• 1888  - The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400 people.^[18]

1901–present

• 1917  - World War I: Mesopotamian campaign: Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Frederick Stanley Maude.^[19]
• 1927  - In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre.^[20]
• 1941  - World War II: United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.^[21]
• 1945  - World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.^[22]
• 1945  - World War II: The Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived Japanese puppet state, is established.^[23]
• 1946  - Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops.^[24]
• 1977  - The 1977 Hanafi Siege: Around 150 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.^[25]
• 1978  - Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.^[26]
• 1981  - Hundreds of students protest in the University of Pristina in Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia, to give their province more political rights. The protests then became a nationwide movement.^[27]
• 1982  - Fifteen people are killed when Widerøe Flight 933 crashes into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway.^[28]
• 1983  - Bob Hawke is appointed Prime Minister of Australia.^[29]
• 1985  - Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, making Gorbachev the USSR's de facto, and last, head of state.^[30]
• 1990  - Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union.^[31]
• 1990  - Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile since 1970.^[32]
• 2003  - The International Criminal Court holds its inaugural session in The Hague.^[33]
• 2004  - Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain kill 191 people.^[34]
• 2006  - Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as the first female president of Chile.^[35]
• 2009  - Winnenden school shooting: Fifteen are killed and nine are injured before recent graduate Tim Kretschmer shoots and kills himself, leading to tightened weapons restrictions in Germany.^[36]
• 2010  - Economist and businessman Sebastián Piñera is sworn in as President of Chile. Aftershocks of the 2010 Pichilemu earthquakes hit central Chile during the ceremony.^[37]
• 2011  - An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130km (80miles) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.^[38]
• 2012  - A U.S. soldier kills 16 civilians in the Panjwayi District of Afghanistan near Kandahar.^[39]
• 2018  - A Bombardier Challenger 604 crashes into the Zagros Mountains near the Iranian city of Shar-e-kord, killing all 11 people on board.^[40]
• 2020  - The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the COVID-19 virus epidemic a pandemic.^[41]
• 2021  - US President Joe Biden signs the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law.^[42]
• 2023  - The Burmese military kills at least 30 villagers, including 3 Buddhist monks, during the Pinlaung massacre in Shan State, Myanmar.^[43]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1278  - Mary of Woodstock, daughter of Edward I of England (d. c. 1332)^[44]
• 1544  - Torquato Tasso, Italian poet and educator (d. 1595)

1601–1900

• 1738  - Benjamin Tupper, American general (d. 1792)^[45]
• 1785  - John McLean, American jurist and politician (d. 1861)^[46]
• 1806  - Louis Boulanger, French Romantic painter, lithographer and illustrator (d. 1867)^[47]
• 1811  - Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1877)^[48]
• 1815  - Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)^[49]
• 1818  - Marius Petipa, French-Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 1910)^[50]
• 1819  - Henry Tate, English businessman and philanthropist, founded Tate & Lyle (d. 1899)^[51]
• 1822  - Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician, economist, and academic (d. 1900)^[52]
• 1863  - Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer and rugby player (d. 1915)^[53]
• 1870  - Louis Bachelier, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1946)^[54]
• 1876  - Carl Ruggles, American composer and painter (d. 1971)^[55]
• 1880  - Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenicist and sociologist (d. 1943)^[56]
• 1884  - Lewi Pethrus, Swedish minister and hymn-writer (d. 1974)^[57]
• 1885  - Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)^[58]
• 1887  - Raoul Walsh, American actor and director (d. 1980)^[59]
• 1890  - Vannevar Bush, American engineer and academic (d. 1974)^[60]
• 1893  - Wanda Gág, American author and illustrator (d. 1946)^[61]
• 1897  - Henry Cowell, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)^[62]
• 1898  - Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)^[63]
• 1899  - Frederik IX of Denmark (d. 1972)^[64]
• 1899  - James H. Douglas, Jr., American lawyer, and politician, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (d. 1988)^[65]

1901–present

• 1903  - Ronald Syme, New Zealand historian and scholar (d. 1989)^[66]
• 1903  - Lawrence Welk, American accordion player and bandleader (d. 1992)^[67]
• 1907  - Jessie Matthews, English actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1981)^[68]
• 1908  - Matti Sippala, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1997)^[69]
• 1910  - Robert Havemann, German chemist and academic (d. 1982)^[70]
• 1911  - Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet, Scottish general and politician (d. 1996)^[71]
• 1913  - Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke, German colonel and pilot (d. 1944)^[72]
• 1915  - Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)^[73]
• 1915  - J. C. R. Licklider, American computer scientist and psychologist (d. 1990)^[74]
• 1916  - Harold Wilson, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
• 1920  - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)^[75]
• 1921  - Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer and bandoneon player (d. 1992)^[76]
• 1922  - Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek economist and philosopher (d. 1997)^[77]
• 1922  - Abdul Razak Hussein, Malaysian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1976)^[78]
• 1922  - José Luis López Vázquez, Spanish actor, costume designer, scenic designer and assistant director (d. 2009)^[79]
• 1923  - Louise Brough, American tennis player (d. 2014)^[80]
• 1925  - Margaret Oakley Dayhoff, American biochemist and academic (d. 1983)^[81]
• 1926  - Ralph Abernathy, American minister and activist (d. 1990)^[82]
• 1927  - Vince Boryla, American basketball player, coach, and executive (d. 2016)^[83]
• 1927  - Freda Meissner-Blau, Austrian activist and politician (d. 2015)^[84]
• 1927  - Robert Mosbacher, American businessman, and politician, United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2010)^[85]
• 1927  - Josep Maria Subirachs, Spanish sculptor and painter (d. 2014)^[86]
• 1929  - Timothy Carey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1994)^[87]
• 1929  - Jackie McGlew, South African cricketer (d. 1998)^[88]
• 1930  - David Gentleman, English illustrator and engraver^[89]
• 1930  - Claude Jutra, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1986)^[90]
• 1931  - Rupert Murdoch, Australian-American businessman and media magnate
• 1932  - Leroy Jenkins, American violinist and composer (d. 2007)^[91]
• 1932  - Nigel Lawson, English journalist and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 2023)^[92]
• 1934  - Sam Donaldson, American journalist^[93]
• 1936  - Antonin Scalia, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2016)
• 1940  - Alberto Cortez, Argentinian-Spanish singer-songwriter (d. 2019)^[94]
• 1943  - Arturo Merzario, Italian race car driver^[95]
• 1945  - Dock Ellis, American baseball player and coach (d. 2008)^[96]
• 1945  - Harvey Mandel, American guitarist^[97]
• 1946  - Mark Metcalf, American actor
• 1947  - Tristan Murail, French composer and educator^[98]
• 1948  - Roy Barnes, American politician, 80th Governor of Georgia^[99]
• 1948  - Jim McMillian, American basketball player (d. 2016)^[100]
• 1950  - Bobby McFerrin, American singer-songwriter, producer, and conductor^[101]
• 1950  - Jerry Zucker, American director, producer, and screenwriter^[102]
• 1951  - Dominique Sanda, French model and actress^[103]
• 1952  - Douglas Adams, English author and playwright (d. 2001)^[104]
• 1953  - Derek Daly, Irish-American race car driver and sportscaster^[105]
• 1953  - Jimmy Iovine, American record producer and businessman, co-founded Beats Electronics^[106]
• 1953  - Bernie LaBarge, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist^[107]
• 1954  - David Newman, American composer and conductor^[108]
• 1954  - Gale Norton, American politician, 48th United States Secretary of the Interior^[109]
• 1955  - Leslie Cliff, Canadian swimmer^[110]
• 1955  - Nina Hagen, German singer-songwriter^[111]
• 1956  - Willie Banks, American triple jumper^[112]
• 1956  - Helen Rollason, English sports journalist and sportscaster (d. 1999)^[113]
• 1957  - Qasem Soleimani, Former Iranian commander of the Quds Force (d. 2020)^[114]
• 1958  - Anissa Jones, American child actress (d. 1976)^[115]
• 1959  - Nina Hartley, American pornographic actress/director, sex educator, sex-positive feminist, and author^[116]
• 1960  - Warwick Taylor, New Zealand rugby player^[117]
• 1961  - Elias Koteas, Canadian actor^[101]
• 1961  - Bruce Watson, Canadian-Scottish guitarist^[118]
• 1962  - Matt Mead, American politician, 32nd Governor of Wyoming^[119]
• 1962  - Jeffrey Nordling, American actor
• 1963  - Gary Barnett, English footballer and manager^[120]
• 1963  - Alex Kingston, English actress^[101]
• 1963  - David LaChapelle, American photographer and director^[121]
• 1964  - Peter Berg, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor^[122]
• 1964  - Raimo Helminen, Finnish ice hockey player and coach^[123]
• 1964  - Vinnie Paul, American drummer, songwriter and producer (d. 2018)^[124]
• 1964  - Shane Richie, English actor and singer^[125]
• 1965  - Nigel Adkins, English footballer and manager^[126]
• 1965  - Jesse Jackson, Jr., American lawyer and politician^[127]
• 1965  - Wallace Langham, American actor
• 1965  - Jenny Packham, English fashion designer^[128]
• 1966  - John Thompson III, American basketball player and coach^[129]
• 1967  - John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor and singer^[101]
• 1967  - Sergei Bautin, Belarusian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2022)^[130]
• 1967  - Brad Carson, American lawyer and politician^[131]
• 1968  - Lisa Loeb, American singer-songwriter^[132]
• 1969  - Terrence Howard, American actor and producer^[133]
• 1969  - Soraya, Colombian-American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2006)^[134]
• 1971  - Johnny Knoxville, American actor and entertainer^[135]
• 1971  - Martin Ručinský, Czech ice hockey player^[136]
• 1971  - Lee Sang-hoon, South Korean baseball player^[137]
• 1974  - Bobby Abreu, Venezuelan baseball player^[138]
• 1976  - Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer^[139]
• 1977  - Becky Hammon, American-Russian basketball player and coach^[140]
• 1977  - Michal Handzuš, Slovak ice hockey player^[141]
• 1978  - Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer^[101]
• 1978  - Albert Luque, Spanish footballer^[142]
• 1979  - Elton Brand, American basketball player^[143]
• 1979  - Fred Jones, American basketball player^[144]
• 1979  - Benji Madden, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[145]
• 1979  - Joel Madden, American singer-songwriter and producer^[145]
• 1980  - Rich Hill, American baseball player^[146]
• 1980  - Mark Rober, American YouTuber and engineer^[147]
• 1980  - Dan Uggla, American baseball player^[148]
• 1981  - David Anders, American actor
• 1981  - Lee Evans, American football player^[149]
• 1981  - LeToya Luckett, American singer-songwriter and actress^[150]
• 1982  - Brian Anderson, American baseball player^[151]
• 1982  - Thora Birch, American actress, producer, and director^[152]
• 1983  - Lukáš Krajíček, Czech ice hockey player^[153]
• 1984  - Rob Brown, American actor^[152]
• 1985  - Paul Bissonnette, Canadian ice hockey player^[154]
• 1985  - Daniel Vázquez Evuy, Equatoguinean footballer^[155]
• 1985  - Cassandra Fairbanks, American journalist and activist^[156]
• 1985  - Stelios Malezas, Greek footballer^[157]
• 1985  - Greg Olsen, American football player and commentator^[158]
• 1985  - Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian footballer^[159]
• 1986  - Dario Cologna, Swiss skier^[160]
• 1987  - Marc-André Gragnani, Canadian ice hockey player^[161]
• 1987  - Tanel Kangert, Estonian cyclist^[162]
• 1987  - Ngonidzashe Makusha, Zimbabwean sprinter and long jumper^[163]
• 1988  - Pedro Báez, Dominican baseball player^[164]
• 1988  - Fábio Coentrão, Portuguese footballer^[165]
• 1988  - Cecil Lolo, South African footballer (d. 2015)^[166]
• 1989  - Malcolm Delaney, American basketball player^[167]
• 1989  - Orlando Johnson, American basketball player^[168]
• 1989  - Anton Yelchin, Russian-American actor (d. 2016)^[169]
• 1990  - Ayumi Morita, Japanese tennis player^[170]
• 1992  - Austin Swift, American producer and actor^[171]
• 1993  - Jodie Comer, English actress^[101]
• 1993  - Anthony Davis, American basketball player^[172]
• 1994  - Andrew Robertson, Scottish footballer^[173]
• 1996  - Conor Garland, American ice hockey player^[174]
• 1997  - Travis Konecny, Canadian ice hockey player^[175]
• 2003  - Tristan Vukčević, Serbian-Swedish basketball player^[176]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 222  - Elagabalus, Roman emperor (b. 203)^[1]
• 638  - Sophronius of Jerusalem (b. 560)^[177]
• 1198  - Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (b. 1145)^[178]
• 1486  - Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1414)^[179]
• 1575  - Matthias Flacius, Croatian theologian and reformer (b. 1520)^[180]

1601–1900

• 1602  - Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian organist and composer (b. 1550)^[181]
• 1607  - Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer and educator (b. 1543)^[182]
• 1665  - Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (b. c. 1575)^[183]
• 1689  - Sambhaji, second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire (b. 1657) ^[184]
• 1722  - John Toland, Irish philosopher and theorist (b. 1670)^[185]
• 1759  - John Forbes, Scottish general (b. 1707)^[186]
• 1820  - Benjamin West, American-English painter and academic (b. 1738)^[187]
• 1851  - Marie-Louise Coidavid, Queen of Haiti (b. 1778)^[188]
• 1851  - George McDuffie, American lawyer and politician, 55th Governor of South Carolina (b. 1790)^[189]
• 1863  - Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)^[190]
• 1869  - Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher and critic (b. 1803)^[191]
• 1870  - Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho (b. 1786)^[192]
• 1874  - Charles Sumner, American lawyer and politician (b. 1811)^[193]
• 1898  - William Rosecrans, American general and politician (b. 1819)^[194]

1901–present

• 1907  - Jean Casimir-Perier, French lawyer and politician, 6th President of France (b. 1847)^[195]
• 1908  - Edmondo De Amicis, Italian journalist and author (b. 1846)^[196]
• 1908  - Benjamin Waugh, English minister and activist (b. 1839)^[197]
• 1915  - Thomas Alexander Browne, English-Australian author (b. 1826)^[198]
• 1931  - F. W. Murnau, German-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1888)^[199]
• 1937  - Joseph S. Cullinan, American businessman, co-founded Texaco (b. 1860)^[200]
• 1944  - Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-American journalist and historian (b. 1882)^[201]
• 1944  - Edgar Zilsel, Austrian historian and philosopher of science, linked to the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)^[202]
• 1949  - Henri Giraud, French general and politician (b. 1879)^[203]
• 1952  - Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (b. 1885)^[204]
• 1955  - Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)^[205]
• 1955  - Oscar F. Mayer, German-American businessman, founded Oscar Mayer (b. 1859)^[206]
• 1956  - Aleksanteri Aava, Finnish poet (b. 1883)^[207]
• 1957  - Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and explorer (b. 1888)^[208]
• 1959  - Lester Dent, American author (b. 1904)^[209]
• 1960  - Roy Chapman Andrews, American paleontologist and explorer (b. 1884)^[210]
• 1967  - Geraldine Farrar, American soprano and actress (b. 1882)^[211]
• 1969  - John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)^[212]
• 1970  - Erle Stanley Gardner, American lawyer and author (b. 1889)^[213]
• 1971  - Philo Farnsworth, American inventor (b. 1906)^[214]
• 1971  - Whitney Young, American activist (b. 1921)^[215]
• 1978  - Claude François, French entertainer (b. 1939)^[216]
• 1982  - Edmund Cooper, English poet and author (b. 1926)^[217]
• 1982  - Horace Gregory, American poet, translator, and academic (b. 1898)^[218]
• 1986  - Sonny Terry, American singer and harmonica player (b. 1911)^[219]
• 1989  - James Kee, American lawyer and politician (b. 1917)^[220]
• 1989  - John J. McCloy, American lawyer and diplomat (b. 1895)^[221]
• 1992  - Richard Brooks, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1912)^[222]
• 1995  - Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress and singer (b. 1945)^[223]
• 1996  - Vince Edwards, American actor and director (b. 1928)^[224]
• 1999  - Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist, anatomist, and neurologist (b. 1906)^[225]
• 1999  - Camille Laurin, Canadian psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)^[226]
• 2002  - James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)^[227]
• 2006  - Bernie Geoffrion, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1931)^[228]
• 2006  - Slobodan Milošević, Serbian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)^[229]
• 2010  - Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1931)^[230]
• 2012  - James B. Morehead, American colonel and pilot (b. 1916)^[231]
• 2013  - Martin Adolf Bormann, German priest and theologian (b. 1930)^[232]
• 2013  - Simón Alberto Consalvi, Venezuelan journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Venezuela (b. 1927)^[233]
• 2014  - Dean Bailey, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1967)^[234]
• 2014  - Joel Brinkley, American journalist and academic (b. 1952)^[235]
• 2015  - Walter Burkert, German philologist and scholar (b. 1931)^[236]
• 2015  - Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (b. 1948)^[237]
• 2016  - Iolanda Balaș, Romanian high jumper (b. 1936)^[238]
• 2016  - Doreen Massey, English geographer and political activist (b. 1944)^[239]
• 2018  - Ken Dodd, English comedian and singer (b. 1927)^[240]
• 2018  - Siegfried Rauch, German actor (b. 1932)^[241]
• 2018  - Karl Lehmann, German cardinal (b. 1936)^[242]
• 2018  - Mary Rosenblum, American science fiction and mystery author (b. 1952)^[243]
• 2021  - Ray Campi, American singer and musician (b. 1934)^[244]
• 2021  - Takis Mousafiris, Greek composer and songwriter (b. 1936)^[245]
• 2022  - Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (b. 1937)^[246]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Alberta of Agen^[247]
  • Constantine^[248]
  • Óengus of Tallaght^[249]
  • Sophronius of Jerusalem^[250]
  • Vindicianus^[251]
• Day of Restoration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 (Lithuania)^[252]
• Moshoeshoe Day (Lesotho)^[253]

Notes

• Book: Larkin . Colin . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . 978-0-85712-595-8 . 2011 . 639 . en.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on March 11

Notes and References

1. Book: Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation : damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture . 1 January 2004 . . 90-04-13577-4 . 188.
2. Merriam-Webster (Jan 2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, p. 231. .
3. Book: Eubel . Konrad . Konrad Eubel . van Gulik . Wilhelm . Ehses . Stefan . Gaucaht . Patrick . Ritzler . Remigius . Remigius Ritzler . Hierarchia Catholica Medii Eevi, Sive Summorum Pontificum, S.R.E. Cardinalium, Ecclesiarum Antistitum. Series ab Anno 1198 Usque ad Annum 1431 . . Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae . 1898 . 429 .
4. Book: Nicolle, David . European Medieval Tactics . . 2012 . 9781849087407 . 2 . 39 . David Nicolle.
5. Book: Nickson . R. Andrew . Historical Dictionary of Paraguay . 17 June 2015 . . 978-0-8108-7964-5 . 27 . en.
6. Book: Curelly . Laurent . An Anatomy of an English Radical Newspaper: The Moderate (1648-9) . 21 August 2017 . . 978-1-5275-0063-1 . 222 . en.
7. Book: Facchinetti . Roberta . Brownlees . Nicholas . Bös . Birte . Fries . Udo . News as Changing Texts: Corpora, Methodologies and Analysis . 2015 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 978-1-4438-8554-6 . 58 . en . Second.
8. Book: Jones . Clyve . A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland . 2012 . . 978-1-84383-717-6 . 147 . en.
9. Book: Ellis . Robert Hawkes . A Short Account of the Laccadive Islands and Minicoy . 1992 . . 978-81-206-0736-1 . 17 . en.
10. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-05-29 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023221/http://www.indianmilitaryhistory.org/battles/baji%20rao%20I%20at%20Kharda.htm . dead .
11. Web site: The sacking of Kororāreka - The Northern War NZHistory, New Zealand history online . nzhistory.govt.nz . 8 October 2020.
12. News: Canada's forgotten independence day . . 8 October 2020.
13. Web site: Rigoletto opera by Verdi . Encyclopedia Britannica . 8 October 2020 . en.
14. Book: DePriest . Jon . American Crusades: The Rise and Fulfillment of the Protestant Establishment . 15 November 2018 . . 978-1-4985-7985-8 . 80 . en.
15. Web site: The Forgotten Flood: Sheffield's tragic past remembered . . 8 October 2020 . 11 March 2014.
16. Web site: Turner . Robin . This is how the Welsh place you live got its name . . 8 October 2020 . 7 May 2016.
17. Book: Loo . Tze May . Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000 . 14 March 2014 . Lexington Books . 978-0-7391-8249-9 . 30 . en.
18. Web site: Great Blizzard of 1888 United States history . Encyclopedia Britannica . 8 October 2020 . en.
19. Web site: British capture Baghdad – 11 March 1917 Royal Engineers Museum . . 11 March 2021.
20. Book: Solomon . Aubrey . The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography . 10 January 2014 . . 978-0-7864-8610-6 . 92 . en.
21. Book: Folly . Martin . Palmer . Niall . The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II . 20 April 2010 . . 978-1-4616-7241-8 . 281 . en.
22. Book: Yeo . Mike . Desperate Sunset: Japan's kamikazes against Allied ships, 1944–45 . 26 December 2019 . . 978-1-4728-2943-6 . 303 . en.
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143. Web site: Chicago Bulls History . Chicago Bulls . 12 October 2020 . en.
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152. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for March 11, 2023 includes celebrities Terrence Howard, Bobby McFerrin . . . 10 March 2024 . 11 March 2023.
153. Web site: Lukas Krajicek . . 10 March 2024.
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158. Web site: Greg Olsen . Pro-Football Reference . 14 October 2020 . en.
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160. Web site: Dario Cologna . International Olympic Committee . 11 October 2020 . en . 9 November 2016.
161. Web site: Marc-André Gragnani . Team Canada - Official Olympic Team Website . 4 October 2020 . 11 January 2018.
162. Web site: Tanel Kangert - Player Profile - Cycling . Eurosport UK . 4 October 2020 . en.
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164. Web site: Pedro Báez . . 10 March 2024.
165. Web site: World Cup Scout - Fabio Coentrao . SkySports . 8 October 2020 . en.
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213. Web site: Erle Stanley Gardner American author . Encyclopedia Britannica . 15 October 2020 . en.
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232. Web site: Getlen . Larry . How Nazi offspring dealt with their families' hellish histories . New York Post . 15 October 2020 . 3 February 2018.
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235. Web site: Yardley . William . Joel Brinkley, a Times Washington and Mideast Reporter, Dies at 61 (Published 2014) . The New York Times . 15 October 2020 . 13 March 2014.
236. Web site: Walter Burkert: Classical scholar whose fascinating books on Greek . The Independent . 15 October 2020 . en . 31 May 2015.
237. Web site: Jimmy Greenspoon: Keyboard player with Three Dog Night who also played . The Independent . 15 October 2020 . en . 15 March 2015.
238. Web site: Obituary: Iolanda Balas, Romanian athlete . www.scotsman.com . 23 March 2016 . 14 October 2020 . en.
239. Web site: Doreen Massey obituary . The Guardian . 14 October 2020 . en . 27 March 2016.
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241. Web site: Siegfried Rauch, Steve McQueen's Racing Rival in 'Le Mans,' Dies at 85 . . 12 March 2018 . 17 October 2020 . en.
242. Web site: Cardinal Karl Lehmann, influential German prelate, dies at 81 . Catholic News Agency . 18 October 2020 . en.
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