1145 papal election explained

Year:1145
Notconclave:true
Dates:15 February 1145
Location:San Cesareo in Palatio, Rome
Dean:Corrado Demetri della Suburra
Protopriest:Guido Florentinus
Protodeacon:Gregorio Tarquini
Pope Elected:Bernardo da Pisa
Nametaken:Eugene III
Prevconclave Year:1144
Prevconclave Link:1144 papal election
Nextconclave Year:1153
Nextconclave Link:1153 papal election

The 1145 papal election followed the death of Pope Lucius II and resulted in the election of Pope Eugene III, the first pope of the Order of Cistercians.

Election of Eugene III

Pope Lucius II, during the whole of his pontificate, had to face the municipal commune at Rome, hostile towards the secular rule of the popes in the Eternal City. The republican faction elected Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, to the post of senator, and demanded that Lucius relinquish all temporal matters into his hands. The pope refused and led a small army against the seat of the commune on Capitol. He was defeated and seriously wounded in this attack, and died on 15 February 1145 in the church of S. Gregorio in clivo scauri.[1] The cardinals present at Rome quickly assembled in the church of San Cesareo in Palatio and on the very same day unanimously elected to the papacy Bernardo da Pisa,[2] pupil of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane near Rome and probably did not belong to the College of Cardinals.[3] The elect took the name of Eugene III. Due to hostility of the Roman people, his consecration took place in the monastery of Farfa on 18 February 1145.[4]

Cardinal-electors

There were probably 40 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in February 1145.[5] Based on examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1145[6] and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 34 cardinals participated in the election:

ElectorCardinalatial TitleElevatedElevatorNotes
Corrado Demetri della SuburraBishop of Sabina1113/14Paschalis IIDean of the College of Cardinals
future Pope Anastasius IV (1153–1154)
Theodwin, O.S.B.Bishop of Santa Rufinaca. 1133Innocent II
PietroBishop of Albano17 September 1143Innocent II
Guarino Foscari, Can.Reg.Bishop of Palestrina22 December 1144Lucius II
RainieroPriest of S. Prisca22 December 1139Innocent II
Gregorio della SuburraPriest of S. Maria in Trastevere1 March 1140Innocent II
TommasoPriest of S. Vitale1 March 1140Innocent II
GilbertoPriest of S. Marco13 March 1142Innocent II
NiccoloPriest of S. Ciriaco13 March 1142Innocent II
ManfredoPriest of S. Sabina17 December 1143Celestine II
Guido de SummaPriest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso17 December 1143Celestine II
AribertoPriest of S. Anastasia17 December 1143Celestine II
Ugo NovariensisPriest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina17 December 1143Celestine II
GiulioPriest of S. Marcello19 May 1144Lucius II
Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can.Reg.Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme19 May 1144Lucius II
Robert PullenPriest of S. Martino22 December 1144Lucius IIChancellor of the Holy Roman Church
Guido Puella, Can.Reg.Priest of S. Pudenziana22 December 1144Lucius II
Villano GaetaniPriest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio22 December 1144Lucius IIFuture archbishop of Pisa (1146–1175)
Gregorio TarquiniDeacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco9 March 1123Callixtus IIProtodeacon
Odone BonecaseDeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro4 March 1132Innocent II
Guido PisanoDeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano4 March 1132Innocent II
Ottaviano de MonticelliDeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere25 February 1138Innocent II
Guido de Castro FicecloDeacon of the Holy Roman Church1139Innocent II
PietroDeacon of S. Maria in Portico19 September 1141Innocent II
GregorioDeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria17 December 1143Celestine II
Astaldo degli AstalliDeacon of S. Eustachio17 December 1143Celestine II
Giovanni Caccianemici, Can.Reg.Deacon of S. Maria Nuova17 December 1143Celestine II
Giovanni PaparoniDeacon of S. Adriano17 December 1143Celestine II
RodolfoDeacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio17 December 1143Celestine II
BerardoDeacon of the Holy Roman Church19 May 1144Lucius II
Giacinto BoboneDeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin22 December 1144Lucius IIFuture Pope Celestine III (1191–1198)
CinzioDeacon of the Holy Roman Church22 December 1144Lucius II
Jordan, O.Carth.Deacon of the Holy Roman Church22 December 1144Lucius II
Bernard, Can.Reg.Deacon of the Holy Roman Church22 December 1144Lucius II

Thirteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, nine by Celestine II, eleven by Lucius II, one by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.

Absentees

ElectorCardinalatial TitleElevatedElevatorNotes
Alberic de Beauvais, O.S.B.ClunyBishop of Ostia3 April 1138Innocent IIPapal legate in France[7]
Imar, O.S.B.ClunyBishop of Tusculum13 March 1142Innocent IIPapal legate in England[8]
Guido FlorentinusPriest of S. Crisogono1139Innocent IIProtopriest
papal legate in Lombardy[9]
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietroca. 1139–1141Innocent IIAbbot of Montecassino (external cardinal[10])
Ubaldo AllucingoliPriest of S. Prassede16 December 1138Innocent IIPapal legate in Lombardy;[11] future Pope Lucius III (1181–1185)
UbaldoPriest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo19 December 1141Innocent IIPapal legate in Poland and Denmark[12]

Sources

Notes and References

  1. See Bernhardi, pp. 451–452; Robinson, p. 78; and The Catholic Encyclopedia
  2. Robinson, p. 78
  3. Bernardo's cardinalate is attested in some of the contemporary chronicles (cited by Bernhardi, p. 452 note 4); however, there are doubts concerning their factual accuracy due to lack of other documentary proofs of this affirmation, particularly the silence of Liber Pontificalis and the official papal documents. Bernhardi, pp. 451–452; Brixius, p. 41 no. 7; and Zenker, pp. 185–186 concluded that he was actually promoted to the cardinalate. Refutation by Horn, pp. 42–45.
  4. Bernhardi, p. 453; Jaffé, p. 20
  5. Reconstruction is based on Brixius, p. 22 note 6, and Horn, pp. 304–305, with the following correction: bishop Rodolfo of Orte (listed by Brixius) has been excluded because he was not a cardinal at that time (Zenker, pp. 52–53). Besides, the elect is not listed as cardinal, although Brixius indicates that he was.
  6. Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20
  7. Zenker, p. 18; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 30 May 1144 and 18 November 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
  8. Zenker, pp. 44–45; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 19 December 1144 and 18 November 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
  9. Kehr, vol. VI/1, p. XXVIII and vol. VI/2, p. XXI; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between May 1144 and April 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
  10. Zenker, pp. 191–192
  11. Kehr, vol. VI/1, p. XXVIII and vol. VI/2, p. XXI; Karol Maleczyński, Studia nad dokumentem polskim, Wrocław 1971, p. 61 note 49. He did not subscribe any papal bulls between 30 April 1144 and 21 December 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
  12. Karol Maleczyński, Studia nad dokumentem polskim, Wrocław 1971, pp. 55–76; He did not subscribe any papal bulls between 19 February 1144 and 9 October 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 1, 7 and 20)

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