1100 Explained

Year 1100 (MC) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, the 1100th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 100th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1100s decade. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Monday (like 1900).

Events

By place

Levant

• January – The Seljuk ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Baghdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.^[1]
• May or June – Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize Tripoli.^[2]
• August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.^[3]
• August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.
• August 20 – With the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.
• December 25 – French Crusader Baldwin I is crowned first King of Jerusalem at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, by Daimbert, the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother Godfrey of Bouillon, on July 18.^[4]
• After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.
• Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.

Europe

• August 2 – King William II (or William Rufus) dies in a hunting accident in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tirel is accused of having shot the arrow, but flees the country to avoid a trial. Henry I claims the throne.
• August 5 – Henry I is crowned King of England, at Westminster Abbey. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe.^[5]
• August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
• September 16 – Battle of Malagon: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.^[6]
• September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.
• October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.^{[7] [8]}
• November 11 – Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside.
• Henry I grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.
• November 18 – The Council of Poitiers opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops are about to excommunicate King Philip I once more.^[9]
• December 25 – Philip I elevates his son Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
• In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
• Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
• Philip I conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.^[10]

Africa

• A collective of Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).

China

• February 23 – Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Huizong as ruler of the Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
• The Liao dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.

Americas

• Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (modern-day United States).
• The Ancestral Puebloans culture, located in the modern-day Four Corners (United States), rises (approximate date).
• The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate d

ate).

By topic

Religion

• September 8 – Antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III and Urban II. Supporters of Emperor Henry IV in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.
• November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of Fontevraud Abbey.^[11]
• Frederick I becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
• The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).
• The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date).

Technology

• Checkers is invented (approximate date).^[12]

Births

• May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130)
• May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
• Achard of Saint Victor, Norman bishop (d. 1171)
• Adrian IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1159)
• Albert I (the Bear), margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1170)
• Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1181)
• Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (approximate date)
• Arnold I, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
• Bruno II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1137)
• Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (d. 1134)
• Elvira of Castile, queen of Sicily (approximate date)
• Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1148)
• Héloïse d'Argenteuil, French abbess and scholar (d. 1162)
• Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (d. 1160)
• Hillin of Falmagne, archbishop of Trier (d. 1169)
• Jabir ibn Aflah, Arab astronomer and mathematician (d. 1150)
• John of Meda, Italian monk and abbot (d. 1159)
• Muhammad al-Idrisi, Almoravid geographer (d. 1165)
• Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
• Jacob ben Meir Tam, French Jewish rabbi (d. 1171)
• Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl Leicester (d. 1168)
• Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (d. 1162)
• Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)
• Robert of Newminster, English abbot (d. 1159)
• Teobaldo Roggeri, Italian shoemaker (d. 1150)
• 1100s of the nominated of England have been doing over the past few years ago from 1100s

Deaths

• February 23 – Zhe Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1077)
• February 25 – Gerland, bishop of Agrigento
• March 28 – Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman
• July 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (b. 1060)
• July 23 – Warner of Grez, French nobleman
• August 2 – William II (or William Rufus), king of England^[13]
• September 8 – Clement III, antipope of Rome
• September 16 – Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
• October 13 – Guy I (or Wido), French nobleman
• November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York
• December 22 – Bretislav II, duke of Bohemia
• Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi, Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. 1030)
• Azzo of Gobatsburg, Swedish nobleman (approximate date)
• Geoffrey de Mandeville, Constable of the Tower
• Geoffrey the Elder, Italo-Norman nobleman
• Jaya Pala, Indian ruler of the Kamarupa Kingdom (b. 1075)
• Qin Guan, Chinese poet and writer (approximate date)
• Qutb al-din Hasan, ruler (malik) of the Ghurid Dynasty
• Robert de Stafford, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

Notes and References

1. Book: Maalouf, Amid. La Croisade vue par les Arabes. 1983. Lattès. Paris. 978-2-7096-0547-2. 74.
2. Book: Hill, John Hugh. Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105. 1959. Privat. Hill, Laurita Lyttleton.
3. Book: Hagenmeyer, Hendrich. Chronologie de la première croisade, 1094–1100. 1973. Olms. 978-3-487-04756-0.
4. Web site: Baldwin I of Edessa. 2010-08-05. 9 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100509212911/http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_baldwini.htm. dead.
5. Web site: Communal Courts . 2010-08-05 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100623154402/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/comcrts.html . 23 June 2010 .
6. Book: Buresi, Pascal. La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique. 2004. Publibook. 978-2-7483-0644-6.
7. Book: Sénac, Philippe. La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle. 2000. Maisonneuve et Larose. 978-2-7068-1421-1.
8. Book: Catlos, Brian A.. The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050–1300. 2004. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 0-521-82234-3. 13.
9. Book: O'Reilly, Patrice-John. Histoire complète de Bordeaux, Volume 1, Parties 1 à 2. 1857. Delmas.
10. Book: Hoefer, Jean. Nouvelle biographie générale. 1862. Firmin Didot frères.
11. Book: Müller . Annalena . From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642-1100 . 2021 . Routledge . 9781000436297 . 6 March 2023.
12. Web site: The history of checkers . 5 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100222144719/http://www.essortment.com/hobbies/historycheckers_smap.htm . 22 February 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
13. Book: Peberdy . Robert . Waller . Philip . A Dictionary of British and Irish History . 23 November 2020 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-0-631-20155-7 . 673 . en.