1050 Explained

Year 1050 (ML) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

• Hedeby in Jutland is sacked by King Harald Hardrada of Norway, during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.^{[1] [2]}
• King Anund Jacob dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his elder half-brother Emund the Old as king of Sweden.^{[3] [4]}
• Macbeth, King of Scotland, makes a pilgrimage to Rome.^{[5] [6] [7]}

Africa

• Aoudaghost, an important Berber trading center and rival of Koumbi Saleh, is captured by the Ghana Empire.^{[8] [9] [10]}

By topic

Religion

• King Edward the Confessor unites the English dioceses of Devon and Cornwall. He moves the see from Crediton to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral.^[11] Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter.^{[12] [13] [14]}
• The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date).^{[15] [16] [17]}

Births

• November 11  - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1106)^{[18] [19] [20]}
• Amadeus II, count of Savoy (approximate date)^[21]
• Berthold II, duke of Swabia (approximate date)^{[22] [23]}
• Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop (d. 1126)^{[24] [25] [26]}
• Frederick I, duke of Swabia (approximate date)^[27]
• Leopold II ("the Fair"), margrave of Austria (d. 1095)^[28]
• Lhachen Gyalpo, king of Ladakh (approximate date)^{[29] [30]}
• Liutold of Eppenstein, German nobleman (approximate date)
• Li Tang, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)^{[31] [32] [33]}
• Lope Íñiguez, lord of Biscay (approximate date)^[34]
• Michael VII Doukas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)^[35]
• Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Arab mathematician (d. 1141)^[36]
• Muirchertach Ua Briain, king of Munster (approximate date)^{[37] [38]}
• Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmark (approximate date)
• Olaf III ("the Peaceful"), king of Norway (approximate date)^[39]
• Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer (d. 1090)^[40]
• Peter the Hermit, French priest (approximate date)^{[41] [42]}
• Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony (approximate date)^[43]
• Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1113)^{[44] [45] [46]}
• Vidyakara, Indian Buddhist scholar (d. 1130)

Deaths

• February 10  - Anna, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 1001)^{[47] [48]}
• October 29  - Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury^{[49] [50] [51]}
• Alferius (or Alferio), Italian abbot and saint (b. 930)^{[52] [53] [54]}
• Anund Jacob (or James), king of Sweden (b. 1008)^{[55] [56] [57]}
• Casilda of Toledo, Spanish saint (approximate date)^{[58] [59]}
• Constantine Arianites, Byzantine general^{[60] [61] [62]}
• Einar Thambarskelfir, Norwegian nobleman^{[63] [64]}
• Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date)^[65]
• Hugh of Langres, French bishop and theologian^{[66] [67]}
• Humphrey de Vieilles, Norman nobleman^[68]
• Michael Dokeianos, Byzantine general^{[69] [70] [71]}
• Suryavarman I, king of the Khmer Empire^{[72] [73] [74]}
• Wifred II, count of Cerdanya and Berga^{[75] [76]}
• Zoë, empress of the Byzantine Empire^{[77] [78] [79]}

Notes and References

1. Book: Derry, T. K.. History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. University of Minnesota Press. 2000. 9780816637997. Minneapolis, MN and London. 22. en. 1979.
2. Book: Hubbard, Ben. Viking Warriors. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 2016. 9781502624550. New York. 80. en.
3. Book: Publishing, Britannica Educational. Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britanncia Educational Publishing. 2014. 9781615309955. The Britannica Guide to Countries of the European Union. New York. 177. en.
4. Web site: Sweden Time Line Chronological Timetable of Events - Worldatlas.com. www.worldatlas.com. 2019-08-23.
5. Book: Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 2010. 9781108015035. Cambridge and New York. 78. en.
6. Book: The Scottish Invention of America, Democracy and Human Rights: A History of Liberty and Freedom from the Ancient Celts to the New Millennium. Klieforth. Alexander Leslie. Munro. Robert John. University Press of America. 2004. 9780761827917. Dallas, Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford. 114. en.
7. Book: Huscroft, Richard. The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. Routledge. 2013. 9781317866275. London and New York. 64. en. 2009.
8. Book: Rough Guides. The Rough Guide to West Africa. Rough Guides UK. 2008. 9781405380683. Fifth. London, New York and New Delhi. en.
9. Moniot. Henri. December 1970. Fouilles à Tegdaoust. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. en. 25. 6. 1740–1741. 10.1017/S0395264900159311. 191878417 . 0395-2649.
10. Mauny. R. A.. 1954. The Question of Ghana. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 24. 3. 200–213. 10.2307/1156424. 0001-9720. 1156424. 143619637 .
11. Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
12. Book: Insley, Charles. https://books.google.com/books?id=FFgt22pS8igC&q=1050+Leofric&pg=PA48. Cathedrals, Communities and Conflict in the Anglo-Norman World. Boydell Press. 2011. 9781843836209. Dalton. Paul. Woodbridge, England. 48. en. Remembering Communities Past: Exeter Cathedral in the Eleventh Century. Insley. Charles. Wilkinson. Louise J..
13. Book: Iversen, Gunilla. https://books.google.com/books?id=vbj4Zsybl28C&q=1050+Leofric&pg=PA406. The Divine Office in the Latin Middle Ages: Methodology and Source Studies, Regional Developments, Hagiography. Oxford University Press. 2000. 9780195352382. Fassler. Margot E.. Oxford and New York. 406. en. Transforming a Viking into a Saint: The Divine Office of St. Olav. Baltzer. Rebecca A..
14. Book: Clayton, Mary. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 9780521531153. Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne and Sydney. 45. en.
15. Book: Evans, Jeff. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. 2011. 9780199912100. Oliver. Garrett. Oxford and New York. 831. en.
16. News: Dark beer and dumplings in Bavaria: a visit to the world's oldest monastic brewery. Wells. Mike. 2016-12-14. The Guardian. 2019-08-23. en-GB. 0261-3077.
17. Web site: Move Over Oktoberfest: an Alternative Beer Pilgrimage in Bavaria. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/oktoberfest-munich-beer-festivals-andechs-weltenburg-germany-a7235096.html . May 1, 2022 . subscription . live. Eames. Andrew. 16 September 2016. The Independent. en. 23 August 2019.
18. Book: Schoenfeld, Edward J.. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. 2010. 9780195334036. Rogers. Clifford J.. I: Aachen, Siege of - Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081). Oxford and New York. 256. en.
19. Book: Robinson, I. S.. Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 9780521545907. Cambridge, England and New York. 19. en.
20. Book: Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2013. 9781136775192. Emmerson. Richard K.. New York and London. 319. en.
21. Book: An Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe. Pufendorf. Samuel Freiherr von. de La Martinière. Germain Pichault. A. Wilde. 1764. Sayer. Joseph. II. London. 1. en.
22. Book: Schelbert, Leo. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Scarecrow Press. 2007. 9780810864474. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. 53. Lanham, MD, Toronto, Plymouth, UK. 391. en.
23. Book: Baumhögger, Goswin G. T.. König Knoblauch: Ein Leben im elften Jahrhundert. BoD – Books on Demand. 2017. 9783738654264. Norderstedt, Germany. 624. de.
24. Book: McPherson, Anne. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrTgI_m-TnUC&q=1050+Bertrand+of+Comminges&pg=PA133. Walking to the Saints: A Little Pilgrimage in France. Paulist Press. 2001. 9780809140183. New York and Mahwah, NJ. 133. en. Chapter 8: Saint-Bernard-de-Comminges.
25. Web site: Les parties romanes de l'ancienne cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne). Pilloix. Oriane. 2016-07-01. dante.univ-tlse2.fr. fr. 2019-08-27.
26. Deuffic. Jean-Luc. 13 September 2012. Des Heures ... et des armes. Bertrand de Tourzel et Isabelle de Lévis : un couple mécène. Pecia. fr. 14. 295–330. 10.1484/J.PECIA.1.102649.
27. Book: Weis, Frederick Lewis. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants. 1992. Genealogical Publishing Com. 9780806313672. 7th. Baltimore, MD. 47. en. 1950.
28. Web site: Old Folks. 2021-02-26. mathcs.clarku.edu.
29. Book: Kraxel, Sepp. Ladakh plus: Reise- und Kulturführer über Ladakh und die angrenzenden Himalaja-Regionen Changthang, Nubra, Purig, Zanskar sowie Kullu (Manali), Lahaul und Spiti mit Stadtführer Delhi. BoD – Books on Demand. 2019. 9783748178590. Norderstedt. 24. de.
30. Web site: Likir Monastery Adventure Tours. Journeys International. en-US. 2019-08-27.
31. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=GwhaDwAAQBAJ&q=1050+Li+Tang&pg=PA117. Essential Terms of Chinese Painting. Choy. Eric. Cheng. Maria. Tang. Wai Hung. City University of HK Press. 2018. 9789629371883. Hong Kong. 117. en. Chapter 5: Landscape Painting.
32. Book: Painting and Private Life in Eleventh-century China: Mountain Villa by Li Gonglin. Harrist. Robert E.. Li. Kung-Lin. Princeton University Press. 1998. 9780691016092. Princeton, NJ. 14. en.
33. Book: Edwards, Richard. The Heart of Ma Yuan: The Search for a Southern Song Aesthetic. Hong Kong University Press. 2011. 9789888028658. Aberdeen and Hong Kong. 46. en.
34. Book: de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández. Batallas y quinquagenas. Real Academia de la Historia. 1983. 9788460033004. I. Madrid. 36. es.
35. Book: Lawler, Jennifer. Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland & Company. 2004. 9780786415205. Jefferson, NC. 209. en.
36. Book: The Life of Ibn Hanbal. al-Jawzī. Abū al-Faraj ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAlī Ibn. al-Jawzi. Ibn. New York University Press. 2016. 9781479805303. Qutbuddin. Tahera. New York. 323. en. Cooperson. Michael. Fowden. Garth.
37. Book: Duffy, Sean. https://books.google.com/books?id=WkQrDwAAQBAJ&q=1050+Muirchertach+Ua+Briain&pg=PA459. Routledge Revivals: Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 2017. 9781351666176. Duffy. Sean. New York and London. 459. en. Ua Briain, Muirchertach (1050 - 1119).
38. Book: Williams, Patricia. Historical Texts from Medieval Wales. The Modern Humanities Research Association. 2012. 9781907322600. London. 151. en.
39. Web site: Olav III Kyrre of Norway f. 1050 Norge d. 22 Sep 1093 Håkeby, Tanum, Västra Götaland, Sverige. www.oddmarthinsen.no. 2019-08-27.
40. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=6J-rJUrbaf4C&q=1050+Osbern+of+Canterbury&pg=PA27. Canterbury and the Norman Conquest: Churches, Saints and Scholars, 1066-1109. Eales. Richard. Sharpe. Richard. A&C Black. 1995. 9781852850685. London and Rio Grande. 27. en. Chapter 3: The Life and Writings of Osbern of Canterbury.
41. Book: Encyclopedia of World Religions. Becchio. Bruno. Schadé. Johannes P.. Foreign Media Group. 2006. 9781601360007. Amsterdam and Zurich. en.
42. Book: Goldstein, M. B.. https://books.google.com/books?id=yduqAQAAQBAJ&q=1050+Peter+the+Hermit&pg=PA216. The Newest Testament: A Secular Bible. Archway Publishing. 2013. 9781480801561. Bloomington, IN. 216. en. Chapter 42.
43. Web site: Sophia of Hungary b. Abt 1050 d. 18 Jun 1095: NH genealogy. nielsenhayden.com. 27 August 2019.
44. Book: Weis, Frederick Lewis. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants. Genealogical Publishing Company. 1992. 9780806313672. 7th. Baltimore, MD. 205. en. 1950.
45. Book: Magocsi, Paul Robert. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. 2010. 9781442698796. Toronto, Buffalo, NY and London. 883. en. 1996.
46. Book: D-Vasilescu, Elena Ene. Heavenly Sustenance in Patristic Texts and Byzantine Iconography: Nourished by the Word. Springer. 2018. 9783319989860. New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture. New York. 76. en.
47. Book: Persson, Bjarne. Alla vägar bär till Rom: 75 generationer från von Wachenfeldt och Uggla till Lucius Julius Libo I av Romarriket. BoD - Books on Demand. 2017. 9789176992593. Stockholm and Norderstedt. 80. sv.
48. Book: Orthodox Life. Holy Trinity Monastery. 2001. 51 - 52. en.
49. Book: Handbook of British Chronology. Pryde. E. B.. Greenway. D. E.. Porter. S.. Roy. I.. Cambridge University Press. 1996. 9780521563505. 3rd. Cambridge, England and New York. 214. en.
50. Book: Searle, William George. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge University Press. 2012. 9781107608641. Cambridge, England and New York. 188. en. 1897.
51. Book: Barlow, Frank. Edward the Confessor. University of California Press. 1984. 9780520053199. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 104. en.
52. Book: Oldfield, Paul. Sanctity and Pilgrimage in Medieval Southern Italy, 1000-1200. Cambridge University Press. 2014. 9781107000285. Cambridge, England and New York. 85. en.
53. Book: Loud, G. A.. The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge University Press. 2007. 9781107320000. Cambridge, England and New York. 565. en.
54. Book: Fraja, Valeria De. https://brill.com/view/book/9789004339668/B9789004339668_005.xml. A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill. 2017. 9789004339668. Riedl. Matthias. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. 75. 109–143. en. Joachim the Abbot: Monastic Reform and the Foundation of the Florensian Order. all the abbots of the Norman-Suevian period and of the first Angevin age, from the founder Alferius (†1050). 10.1163/9789004339668_006.
55. Book: Peterson, Gary Dean. Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. McFarland. 2014. 9781476604114. Jefferson, NC and London. 8. en.
56. Book: Holman, Katherine. Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. 2003. 9780810865891. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. 11. Lanham, MD and Oxford. 35. en.
57. Talvio. Tuukka. 1979. Notes on Three Sigtuna Moneyers. The Numismatic Chronicle. 19. 139. 221–225. 0078-2696. 42667047.
58. Book: Robison, William B.. History, Fiction, and The Tudors: Sex, Politics, Power, and Artistic License in the Showtime Television Series. Springer. 2017. 9781137438836. New York. 378. en.
59. Book: Mariana, Juan de. Historia General de España. L. Núñez de Vargas. 1818. VI. Madrid. 22. es.
60. Book: Crabb, George. Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1825. I. London. en.
61. Book: A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. Venning. Timothy. Harris. Jonathan. Springer. 2006. 9780230505865. New York. 375. en.
62. Mărculeţ. Vasile. 2017. Aspecte ale guvernării themei Paristrion (Paradunavon) in secolul al XI-lea : guvernări asociate. Muzeul Național. en. 1. 29. 1–9. 1015-0323.
63. Book: The Orkneyinga Saga. Anderson. Joseph. Hjaltalin. Jon A.. Goudie. Gilbert. Cambridge University Press. 2019. 9781108082242. Cambridge and New York. cxxvii. en.
64. Book: Waßenhoven, Dominik. Skandinavier unterwegs in Europa (1000-1250): Untersuchungen zu Mobilität und Kulturtransfer auf prosopographischer Grundlage. Oldenbourg Verlag. 2009. 9783050048536. Europa Im Mittelalter. 8. Berlin. 172. de.
65. Book: Panton, James. Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. 2011. 9780810874978. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England. 254. en.
66. Book: Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte. When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in the Middle Ages. BRILL. 2010. 9789004192256. Leiden and Boston. 104. en.
67. Encyclopedia: Macy. Gary. 2014-01-01. The Medieval Inheritance. A Companion to the Eucharist in the Reformation . Brill . Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition . 46 . Wandel . Lee Palmer . en . 13–37 . 10.1163/9789004260177_003 . 9789004260177.
68. Book: Vaughn, Sally N.. Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. University of California Press. 1987. 9780520056749. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London. 81. en.
69. Book: di Montecassino, Amato. The History of the Normans. Boydell Press. 2004. 9781843830788. Woodbridge, England. 74. en.
70. Meyer. Mati. 2006. The Levite's Concubine: Imaging the Marginal Woman in Byzantine Society. Studies in Iconography. 27. 45–76. 0148-1029. 23923693.
71. Book: Kaldellis, Anthony. Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade. Oxford University Press. 2017. 9780190253226. Oxford and New York. xxv. en.
72. Book: Stark, Miriam T.. https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&q=1050+Suryavarman+I&pg=PA104. Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. Psychology Press. 2004. 9780415297776. Glover. Ian. London and New York. 104. en. Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia. Bellwood. Peter.
73. Book: Arrowood, Janet. Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 2006. 9781588435200. Edison, NJ, Montreal and Oxford. 270. en.
74. Book: Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads. Goscha. Christopher E.. Ivarsson. Søren. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press. 2003. 9788791114021. Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. en.
75. Book: Carr, Matthew. The Savage Frontier: The Pyrenees in History and the Imagination. The New Press. 2018. 9781620974285. New York. en.
76. Grifoll. Isabel. 2017-01-01. The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours. The Crown of Aragon. en. 125–149. 10.1163/9789004349612_006. 9789004349612.
77. Book: Acton, Q. Ashton. Issues in Dermatology and Cosmetic Medicine: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 2013. 9781490109114. Atlanta, GA. 52. en.
78. Book: Jones, Barry. Dictionary of World Biography. Australian National University Press. 2016. 9781760460105. 3rd. Acton, Australia. 917. en.
79. Book: Woodacre, E.. Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. Springer. 2013. 9781137362834. New York. en.