10-second barrier explained

The 10-second barrier is the physical and psychological barrier of completing the 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement is traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world-class male sprinter. Its significance has become less important since the late 1990s, as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark.[1] The current men's world record holder is Usain Bolt, who ran a 9.58 at the 2009 IAAF World Championship competition.

History

See also: Men's 100 metres world record progression. For sprints, World Athletics maintains that world records and other recognised performances require: a wind assistance of not more than two metres per second in the direction of travel; fully automatic timing (FAT) to one hundredth of a second; and no use of performance-enhancing substances. Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may invalidate a sprinter's time.

Hand timing

Prior to 1977, FAT was not required for IAAF official timings.[2] Times were recorded manually to one tenth of a second; three official timers with stopwatches noted when the starting gun flashed and when the runner crossed the finish line, and their median recorded time was the official mark. Some races also had an unofficial FAT, or semi-automatic time, often in conjunction with photo finish equipment. The first person timed at under ten seconds was Bob Hayes, who ran 9.9 s in April 1963 at the Mt. SAC Relays, but with a tailwind of 11mph.[3] [4] Hayes clocked another illegal 9.9 s (wind 5.3m/s) in the semi-final of the 1964 Olympic 100 m, with the first sub-10 FAT of 9.91 s.[5] In the final, Hayes' official tenths time of 10.0 s was calculated by rounding down the FAT of 10.06 s; the backup hand-timers recorded 9.8, 9.9, and 9.9, which would have given 9.9 s as the official time if the FAT had malfunctioned.[2] At the 1968 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California, United States, three men ran legal hand-timed 9.9 seconds: Jim Hines first and Ronnie Ray Smith second in the first semi-final, and Charlie Greene first in the second semi-final.[2] [6] This was dubbed the "Night of Speed", and all three were recognised as world records by the IAAF.[2] The IAAF lists their FATs as: Hines 10.03, Smith 10.14 and Greene 10.10;[2] although Time magazine reported at the time that "an automatic Bulova Accutron Phototimer confirmed that all three had indeed broken [10.0s]".[7] Hines also had a wind-assisted 9.8 s in the heats.[7] Hines went on to win the 1968 Olympic 100m in 9.9 s, rounded down from his FAT of 9.95, making it the first non-wind-assisted electronic sub-10-second performance.[2] By 1976, six other men had equalled the 9.9 s hand-timed record, though none of their performances had an FAT mark.[2]

Automatic timing

After the 1977 rule change, Jim Hines' nine-year-old 9.95 was the only recognised sub-10-second race.[2] That year the barrier was broken again, when Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance due to lower air resistance.

Carl Lewis was the first sprinter to break ten seconds at low altitude under electronic timing, with 9.97 seconds on 14 May 1983 at the Modesto Relays. Calvin Smith at altitude recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, in Colorado Springs, Colorado and became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, in August that year. In total, six sprinters legally broke the barrier during the 1980s. Another, Ben Johnson, had eclipsed both the 9.90 mark and 9.80 mark in 1987, respectively 1988 with 9.83 s and 9.79 s; however, both of these records were disqualified after he tested positive for, and later admitted to, using doping, namely steroids.

The 100 m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds.[8] In second place was Leroy Burrell who also broke the former world record, which had been his at 9.90 seconds. In third place, 0.01 seconds slower than the former world record, was Dennis Mitchell with a time of 9.91 seconds. In fourth place, breaking his own European record of 9.97 seconds, was Linford Christie with a time of 9.92 seconds.

Maurice Greene, in 1999, was the first athlete to run under 9.80 seconds. Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008, and 9.60 in 2009. After 2007, South America had the distinction of being the only area from which no athlete had run a sub-10 second 100m, this distinction was however lost in the area's own 100m Final on 28 July 2023 in which the three leading runners all made sub-10 second times.[9] The 2008 season saw a new high for sub-10 second performances: 14 runners achieved the feat a total of 53 times between them, the highest ever for either figure. Furthermore, ten men had achieved the result for the first time in that year – another record. The men's 100 metres final at the 2008 Summer Olympics saw a world record and six men clear ten seconds (equalling the number from the 1991 World Championships). Only two months into the start of the outdoor track season, 2011 became a record-breaking year as fifteen men ran under ten seconds between April and June.[10] As of 10 June 2013, 86 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time. The men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Summer Olympics saw a new Olympic record and seven out of eight finalists running under 10 seconds. However Tyson Gay, was later disqualified from this race. Prior to his disqualification, he had been in fourth place with a time of 9.80 seconds, the fastest fourth place in history.

On 29 May 2016, former World Champion Kim Collins improved his personal record by running 9.93 +1.9 in Bottrop as a 40-year-old. He improved his own standing as the oldest man to break the 10-second barrier, the first over the age of 40. Omar McLeod, a sprint hurdles specialist, became the first hurdling athlete to break ten seconds in April 2016.[11]

On 4 August 2024, the final of the men's 100 metres at the 2024 Summer Olympics marked the first competitive race in history where the entire field finished in under 10 seconds, with last-place-finisher Oblique Seville recording a time of 9.91 seconds.[12]

No woman has recorded an official sub-10 second time yet. The female 100-metre world record is 10.49 seconds, set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988.

Electronically timed marks

!width=12%

Datewidth=14%Athletewidth=3%Time
(seconds)		width=12%Agewidth=16%Nationalitywidth=10%Continentwidth=6%Best (year)width=4%Doping casewidth=2%Ref
19.95 ANorth America9.95 (1968)
29.98 ANorth America9.98 (1977)
39.97North America9.86 (1991)
49.93 ANorth America9.93 (1983)
59.96North America9.96 (1984)
69.95North America9.95 (1986)Yes[13]
79.97Europe9.87 (1993)Yes
89.97North America9.96 (1991)
99.94North America9.85 (1994)
109.99North America9.91 (1991)Yes
119.95Africa9.86 (1996)
129.99North America9.92 (1993)
139.97Africa9.95 (1994)
149.93North America9.93 (1992)
159.96Africa9.94 (1994)Yes
169.99Africa9.98 (1993)Yes
179.99North America9.92 (1997)
189.99North America9.84 (1996)
199.97North America9.84 (1999)
209.93North America9.86 (1998)
219.96North America9.79 (1999)
229.96North America9.96 (1997)
239.96North America9.92 (1997)Yes
249.98North America9.98 (1997)
259.97Africa9.92 (1998)
269.95North America9.95 (1998)
279.87 ANorth America9.87 (1998)
289.98Africa9.98 (1999)
299.99Europe9.97 (1999)Yes
309.98Europe9.98 (1999)
319.92North America9.92 (1999)
329.98North America9.98 (2000)
339.99North America9.94 (2001)Yes
349.97/Africa9.86 (2004)
359.99North America9.88 (2004)Yes
369.95North America9.95 (2002)
379.99North America9.99 (2002)
389.98North America9.93 (2016)
399.93Oceania9.93 (2003)
409.98Africa9.95 (2003)
419.97North America9.95 (2004)Yes
429.97North America9.74 (2015)Yes
439.99North America9.99 (2003)Yes
449.97Africa9.97 (2003)
459.99North America9.72 (2008)Yes
469.99Africa9.99 (2005)Yes
479.96North America9.96 (2005)
489.99North America9.99 (2005)
499.99Europe9.99 (2005)
509.94North America9.91 (2006)
519.93Africa9.85 (2006)
529.97North America9.69 (2009)Yes
539.99North America9.99 (2006)
549.98North America9.91 (2007)
559.93North America9.88 (2010)
569.99Asia9.99 (2007)
579.96North America9.96 (2007)
589.76North America9.58 (2009)
599.96North America9.89 (2008)
609.93North America9.82 (2014)
619.95North America9.95 (2008)[14]
629.99North America9.99 (2008)Yes
639.89North America9.89 (2008)
649.94North America9.94 (2008)Yes
659.98North America9.78 (2010)Yes
669.99/North America/Europe9.91 (2012)
679.97North America9.88 (2011)
689.99North America9.91 (2009)[15]
699.94North America9.85 (2011)Yes[16]
709.96North America9.69 (2012)Yes[17] [18]
719.99North America9.99 (2009)
729.98Europe9.92 (2011)[19]
739.95North America9.95 (2010)[20]
749.95North America9.88 (2010)Yes[21] [22]
759.99North America9.95 (2010)
769.90North America9.80 (2011)Yes[23]
779.97Africa9.89 (2011)[24]
789.96North America9.90 (2013)[25]
799.93North America9.86 (2012)[26]
809.97North America9.97 (2011)
819.99Europe9.99 (2011)[27]
829.96North America9.96 (2012)[28]
839.95North America9.95 (2012)[29]
849.97North America9.92 (2015)
859.99North America9.89 (2021)
869.97North America9.96 (2013)[30]
879.98Africa9.98 (2013)
889.98North America9.98 (2013)
899.91Europe9.91 (2013)
909.95Europe9.86 (2015)
919.98 AAfrica9.98 (2014)Yes[31]
929.93North America9.93 (2014)[32]
939.96Europe9.96 (2014)[33]
949.97North America9.76 (2021)[34]
959.93Asia9.91 (2015)Yes[35]
969.93North America9.93 (2015)
979.97North America9.89 (2021)
989.99North America9.99 (2015)
999.95North America9.85 (2021)
1009.99Asia9.83 (2021)
1019.97Europe9.97 (2015)
1029.94North America9.94 (2015)[36]
1039.99North America9.99 (2015)
1049.96North America9.96 (2015)[37]
1059.99Africa9.82 (2024)
1069.97Africa9.97 (2015)
1079.94North America9.94 (2015)
1089.98 AAfrica9.94 (2017)[38]
1099.99North America9.99 (2016)[39]
1109.94North America9.94 (2016)[40]
1119.99Africa9.96 (2016)[41]
1128 June 2016Senoj-Jay Givans9.96North America9.96 (2016)[42]
11311 June 2016Aaron Brown9.96North America9.96 (2016)[43]
11412 June 20169.92Europe9.92 (2016)[44]
11524 June 2016Rondel Sorrillo9.99North America9.99 (2016)[45]
1169.95North America9.76 (2019)[46]
11730 July 2016Joel Fearon9.96Europe9.96 (2016)[47]
11817 March 2017Thando Roto9.95Africa9.95 (2017)[48]
11915 April 2017Ronnie Baker9.99North America9.83 (2021)[49]
12022 April 2017Odean Skeen9.98North America9.98 (2017)[50]
12113 May 2017Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake9.99Europe9.99 (2017)[51]
1227 June 2017Cameron Burrell9.93North America9.93 (2017)[52]
1237 June 2017Christopher Belcher9.93North America9.93 (2017)
12423 June 2017Julian Forte9.99North America9.91 (2017)[53]
1256 July 2017Ramil Guliyev9.97Europe9.97 (2017)[54]
1269 September 2017Yoshihide Kiryū9.98Asia9.98 (2017)[55]
12713 May 2018Kendal Williams9.99North America9.99 (2018)
12825 May 2018Jaylen Bacon9.97North America9.97 (2018)
12925 May 2018Andre Ewers9.98North America9.98 (2018)
1309 June 2018Zharnel Hughes9.91Europe9.83 (2023)[56]
1319 June 2018Noah Lyles9.93North America9.79 (2024)
13216 June 2018Arthur Gue Cissé9.94Africa9.93 (2019)[57]
13319 June 2018Xie Zhenye9.97Asia9.97 (2018)[58]
13422 June 2018Filippo Tortu9.99Europe9.99 (2018)
1359 July 2018Barakat Al Harthi9.97Asia9.97 (2018)Yes
13621 July 2018Tyquendo Tracey9.96North America9.96 (2018)[59]
1377 August 2018Reece Prescod9.96Europe9.93 (2022)[60]
13822 February 2019Roberto Skyers9.98North America9.98 (2019)[61]
13920 April 2019Divine Oduduru9.94Africa9.86 (2019)Yes[62]
14011 May 2019Abdul Hakim Sani Brown9.99Asia9.97 (2019)[63]
14112 May 2019Cravon Gillespie9.97North America9.93 (2019)[64]
1425 June 2019Mario Burke9.98North America9.98 (2019)[65]
14320 July 2019Yuki Koike9.98Asia9.98 (2019)[66]
14427 August 2019Raymond Ekevwo9.96Africa9.96 (2019)[67]
14520 July 2020Michael Norman9.86North America9.86 (2020)[68]
14626 March 2021Benjamin Azamati-Kwaku9.97Africa9.90 (2022)[69]
14710 April 2021Kyree King9.97North America9.97 (2021)[70]
14817 April 2021Jo'Vaughn Martin9.94North America9.94 (2021)[71]
14924 April 2021Fred Kerley9.91North America9.76 (2022)[72]
15013 May 2021Marcell Jacobs9.95Europe9.80 (2021)[73]
15114 May 2021Tlotliso Leotlela9.94Africa9.94 (2021)[74]
1526 June 2021Ryota Yamagata9.95Asia9.95 (2021)[75]
15320 June 2021Kenny Bednarek9.96North America9.89 (2021)
15420 June 2021Micah Williams9.91North America9.86 (2022)[76]
15531 July 2021Enoch Adegoke9.98Africa9.98 (2021)
15614 August 2021Ferdinand Omurwa9.96Africa9.77 (2021)[77]
15716 April 2022Matthew Boling9.98North America9.98 (2022)
158 16 April 2022 Davonte Burnett 9.99 9.99 (2022) [78]
15923 April 2022Joseph Paul Amoah9.94Africa9.94 (2022)
160 30 April 2022 Letsile Tebogo 9.96 9.88 (2023, 2024)
161 21 May 2022 Oblique Seville 9.86 North America9.81 (2024)
162 11 June 2022 Cravont Charleston 9.98 North America9.91 (2023)
163 12 June 2022 Ackeem Blake 9.95 North America9.89 (2023)
164 24 June 2022 Elijah Hall 9.98 North America9.90 (2022)
165 24 June 2022 Emmanuel Matadi 9.98 Africa9.91 (2024)
166 25 June 2022 Favour Ashe 9.99 Africa9.96 (2023)
1673 July 2022Yupun Abeykoon9.96 Asia9.96 (2022)[79]
1683 July 2022Reynier Mena9.99 North America9.99 (2022)
1693 July 2022Méba-Mickaël Zeze9.99 Europe9.99 (2022)
17029 March 2023Bouwahjgie Nkrumie9.99 North America9.99 (2023)
17115 April 2023Terrence Jones9.91 North America9.91 (2023)
17215 April 2023Joseph Fahnbulleh9.98 Africa9.98 (2023)
17326 May 2023Udodi Onwuzurike9.91 Africa9.91 (2023)
1747 June 2023Pjai Austin9.89 North America9.89 (2023)
1757 June 2023Cole Beck9.97North America9.97 (2023)
1767 June 2023Godson Oghenebrume9.96 Africa9.90 (2023)
1777 June 2023Shaun Maswanganyi9.99Africa9.91 (2023)
1789 June 2023Courtney Lindsey9.89North America9.89 (2023)
1799 June 2023Da'Marcus Fleming9.97North America9.97 (2023)
18016 June 2023Eugene Amo-Dadzie9.93Europe9.93 (2023)
1812 July 2023Emmanuel Eseme9.97Africa9.96 (2023)
1826 July 2023Rohan Watson9.98North America9.91 (2023)[80]
1836 July 2023Kadrian Goldson9.94North America9.94 (2023)
1846 July 2023Kishane Thompson9.91North America9.77 (2024)
1857 July 2023Ryiem Forde9.96North America9.96 (2023)
18628 July 2023Issam Asinga9.89South America9.89 (2023)Yes
18728 July 2023Erik Cardoso9.97South America9.97 (2023)
18828 July 2023Ronal Longa9.99South America9.99 (2023)
1899 September 2023Felipe Bardi9.96South America9.96 (2023)[81]
19020 April 2024Christian Miller9.93North America9.93 (2024)[82]
19127 April 2024Brandon Hicklin9.94North America9.94 (2024)[83]
19225 May 2024Jeremiah Azu9.97Europe9.97 (2024)[84]
1931 June 2024Shainer Reginfo Montoya9.90North America9.90 (2024) [85]
1941 June 2024Reynaldo R. Espinosa9.96North America9.96 (2024)
1957 June 2024Louie Hinchliffe9.95Europe9.95 (2024)[86]
19618 June 2024Jhonny Rentería9.97South America9.97 (2024)[87]
19718 June 2024Chituru Ali9.96Europe9.96 (2024)[88]
19828 June 2024Bryan Levell9.98North America9.98 (2024)[89]
19929 June 2024Owen Ansah9.99Europe9.99 (2024)[90]

Notes

Totals

Year! style="text-align:center;"
No. of new athletesTotal legal sub-10sRef
196811
197711
198323
198414
198501
198611
198701
198819
198922
199002
1991314
199236
199318
1994116
199525
1996124
1997538
1998234
1999426
2000315[91]
2001016[92]
2002416[93]
200369[94]
2004133[95]
2005516[96]
2006324[97]
2007418[98]
20081053[99]
2009445[100]
2010436[101]
2011657[102]
2012361[103]
2013658[104]
2014532[105]
20151291[106]
20161060[107]
2017948[108]
20181160[109]
2019750[110]
202016[111]
20211182[112]
20221378[113]
202320102[114]
20241076[115]
Nation! style="text-align:center;"
No. of athletes
72
28
14
13
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Continent! style="text-align:center;"
No. of athletes
Africa35
Asia10
Europe24
Oceania1
North America124
South America5

Hand timed marks

The following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9 seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been precise. (Note that Bob Hayes clocked a hand timed 9.9 seconds in the 1964 Olympic final, but his FAT 10.06 s was the official time, and it was given as “10.0” s.)

Sprinters who have broken the 10-second barrier with manual timing!Date first broken!Athlete!Nationality!No. of times broken
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
1

References

General
Specific

External links

Notes and References

  1. [Jason Gardener|Gardener, Jason]
  2. Web site: Progression of IAAF World Records. Hymans. Richard. Imre . Matrahazi. 2015. 22–37. 17 May 2016.
  3. News: Oerter sets world mark in discus. Associated Press. 28 April 1963. Lakeland Ledger. 2 – D. 16 August 2013. Lakeland, Florida.
  4. Drake. Dick. May 1963. ASU, Oerter Break Marks; Yang Scores Brilliant 9,121. Track & Field News. And then there was Bob Hayes who ran the 100 meters faster than any man under any conditions. But it took an 11 mph wind to enable him to run 9.9.. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130019/http://www.mtsacrelays.com/archives/TFN/1963.htm. dead. 4 March 2016.
  5. News: Hayes still seriously ill. 16 December 2001. BBC Online. 16 August 2013.
  6. Underwood. John. 1 July 1968. Some Old Boys Make A Stand. Sports Illustrated. https://archive.today/20130815004046/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1081333/index.htm. dead. 15 August 2013.
  7. https://web.archive.org/web/20101105230053/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841353,00.html . 5 November 2010 . Track & Field: Breaking the Dash Barrier. 28 June 1968. Time. dead . 15 August 2013.
  8. http://www.sportinglife.com/athletics/worldathletics2005/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=others/05/07/15/ATHLETICS_World_History.html World Championships: A History
  9. Web site: 100m Final Result. World Athletics. 28 July 2023. 28 July 2023.
  10. Tchechankov, Ivan (10 June 2011). 2011 already a record-breaking year for the men’s 100 metres – Updated. IAAF. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
  11. Ramsak, Bob (24 April 2016). Hurdler McLeod makes history as a barrier breaker after 9.99 100m win. IAAF. Retrieved on 24 April 2016.
  12. News: How Lyles' torso decided greatest Olympics 100m final . August 5, 2024 . . November 29, 2024.
  13. Web site: Athlete profile for Ben Johnson. 14 May 2020. 14 May 2020.
  14. http://www.usatf.org/events/2008/OlympicTrials-TF/results/Q1.asp US Olympic Trials Men 100 Meter Dash Quarter Finals
  15. Web site: Athlete profile for Daniel Bailey. https://web.archive.org/web/20130204234447/http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/antigua-barbuda/daniel-bailey. dead. 4 February 2013. 4 February 2013. 31 January 2020.
  16. Lee, Kirby (8 June 2009). Phillips sails 8.74m in Eugene for best Long Jump in world since 1991 – IAAF World Athletics Tour. IAAF. Retrieved on 10 June 2009.
  17. Web site: IAAF: Gay powers back with 9.77 in Rome – REPORT - ÅF Golden League News iaaf.org . Ramsak . Bob . 10 July 2009 . iaaf.org . 12 February 2018.
  18. Web site: Norlander . Matt . Fairly shocking: Bolt loses 100-meter race . CBSSports . 15 July 2013.
  19. News: Lemaitre – 9.98sec. Pierre Jean Vazel. IAAF. 9 July 2010. 10 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710225603/http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=57332.html. 10 July 2010 .
  20. Web site: 100 Metres 2nd Race Results. diamondleague-zurich.com. 19 August 2010. 19 August 2010. https://archive.today/20100821004113/http://www.diamondleague-zurich.com/en/Results/Overview/100m-Men-2nd-Race/. 21 August 2010 .
  21. Web site: Results – 100m Men – Heat 2. rietimeeting.com. 29 August 2010. 30 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715185400/http://www.rietimeeting.com/info/results/re0010002.html. 15 July 2011. dead.
  22. Web site: Ryan Bailey Doping. nbcsports.com. 1 December 2017. 22 December 2017.
  23. Web site: 100 Metres Dash Results. directathletics.com. 16 April 2011. 18 April 2011.
  24. Web site: 100 Metres Dash Results. flashresults.com. 23 April 2011. 24 April 2011.
  25. Web site: Tyson Gay runs world's fastest 100 this year in Central Florida meet. southflorida.sun-sentinel.com. 4 June 2011. 7 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025206/http://southflorida.sun-sentinel.com/sports/os-tyson-gay-clermont-9.79-20110604,0,1147327.story. 25 July 2011 .
  26. Web site: Keston Bledman blazes to 9.93. trackalerts.com. 4 June 2011. 7 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110605174835/http://trackalerts.com/news/lead-stories/4650-keston-bledman-blazes-to-993.html. 5 June 2011 .
  27. Web site: 100m Men: Results . 30 June 2011 . 30 June 2011 . . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325045533/https://diamondleague.com/Results/Lausanne/re0010040.pdf . 25 March 2012 .
  28. Web site: 100m Dash Results. flashresults.com. 6 June 2012. 7 June 2012.
  29. News: Hyman joins sub-10 club in Madrid – IAAF World Challenge. IAAF. Emeterio Valiente. 8 July 2012. 8 July 2012.
  30. News: Former Chamberlain athlete Dentarius Locke shows off blazing speed at NCAA meet. Bright House Sports Network. Katherine Smith. 5 June 2013. 7 June 2013.
  31. News: Magakwe breaks SA record. sport24.co.za. 12 April 2014. 13 April 2014.
  32. Web site: Levy . Leighton . Kemarley Brown joins sub-10 club . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220337/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20140519/sports/sports2.html . 6 June 2014 . 3 June 2014 . Jamaica Star.
  33. News: Chijindu Ujah: British sprinter runs 9.96 seconds in Netherlands. BBC Sport . 8 June 2014. 31 January 2020.
  34. Web site: Bromell runs 100m world junior record in Eugene| News. www.worldathletics.org. 31 January 2020.
  35. Web site: Ogunode sets area 100m record of 9.93 at the Asian Games| News. www.worldathletics.org. 31 January 2020.
  36. News: 100m Dash Heat 2 Results. flashresults.com. 25 June 2015. 26 June 2015.
  37. News: 100m Dash Heat 4 Results. flashresults.com. 25 June 2015. 26 June 2015.
  38. Web site: SA's Van Niekerk makes sprint history. 12 March 2016. Sport. 31 January 2020.
  39. News: Hurdler McLeod makes history as a barrier breaker after 9.99 100m win. IAAF. Phil Minshull. 24 April 2016. 24 April 2016.
  40. Web site: 100m Results. https://web.archive.org/web/20160813195151/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2016/rome/re4010041.pdf. dead. 13 August 2016. sportresult.com. 2 June 2016. 3 June 2016.
  41. Web site: Réunion de Prague: 999 sur 100 m pour Ben Youssef Meité. 6 June 2016. 6 June 2016.
  42. Web site: Another Jamaican Senoj-Jay Givans runs sub-10 seconds – Latest News. Jamaica Observer. 11 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611053353/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Jamaican-runs-sub-10-at-NCAA-Championships. 11 June 2016. dead.
  43. Web site: Aaron Brown, Canadian sprinter, runs sub-10 in 100m in Florida. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 June 2016.
  44. Web site: 2nd International Sprint And Relay Challenge 2016 Results. tilastopaja.org. 12 June 2016. 13 June 2016.
  45. News: UKTF Alum Rondel Sorrillo Runs 9.99 in T&T 100m Final to Earn Olympic Place. ukathletics.com. Jake Most. 26 June 2016. 26 June 2016.
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