The 0s began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31, AD 9, covering the first nine years of the Common Era. It is one of two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain nine years, along with the 0s BC.
In Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Vinicius, Tiberius and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the Latin: [[Bellum Batonianum]]|italic=no against a rebelling alliance of native peoples led by Bato the Daesitiate in Illyricum, which was suppressed in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where Daeso, King of Dongbuyeo invaded Goguryeo with a 50,000-man army in AD 6. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, the last ruler of the Chinese Western Han dynasty (Ruzi Ying) was deposed, allowing Wang Mang to establish the Xin dynasty.
Literary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid; the, an instructional elegy series in three books, Metamorphoses, a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework, and Ibis, a curse poem written during his years in exile across the Black Sea for an offense against Augustus. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume History of the World.
Estimates for the world population by AD 1 range from 150 to 300 million. A census was concluded in China in AD 2: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. Dionysius Exiguus assigned Jesus's birth date in AD 1, in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).
| Roman Empire | Augustus | ||||||||
| Chinese empire | Ping | Ruzi Ying | Wang Mang | ||||||
| Parthian Empire[1] | |||||||||
2016 estimate: (a) "2016 World Population Data Sheet"
2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015, "2015 World Population Data Sheet".
2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014, "2014 World Population Data Sheet".
2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013, "2013 World Population Data Sheet".
2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012, "2012 World Population Data Sheet".
2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011, "2011 World Population Data Sheet".
2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010, "2010 World Population Data Sheet".
2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009, "2009 World Population Data Sheet".
2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008, "2008 World Population Data Sheet".
2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007, "2007 World Population Data Sheet" .
2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006, "2006 World Population Data Sheet" .
2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005, "2005 World Population Data Sheet" .
2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004, "2004 World Population Data Sheet".
2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003, "2003 World Population Data Sheet" .
2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002, "2002 World Population Data Sheet" .
2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001, "2001 World Population Data Sheet".
2000 estimate: (q) 2000, "9 Billion World Population by 2050" .
1997 estimate: (r) 1997, "Studying Populations".
Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" Population Today, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.
1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999.
Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.
2014: (d) http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.
Daryaee, Touraj (2012). "Appendix: Ruling Dynasties of Iran". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0199875757.|Phraates IV| colspan="3" |Phraates V and Musa|(none)|Orodes III|(none)| colspan="2" |Vonones I|-|Dacia| colspan="9" |Comosicus|-|Thracian kingdom| colspan="9" |Rhoemetalces I|-|Nabataean Kingdom| colspan="9" |Aretas IV and Chuldu|}
| Start | Finish | Name of Conflict | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 AD | 9 AD | Latin: [[Bellum Batonianum]]|italic=no | ||
| 12 BC | AD 16 | Early imperial campaigns in Germania | By AD 1, the Roman Empire had been expanding its territories and exerting influence throughout Europe, including regions bordering the Rhine River. The Romans sought to consolidate their control over Germanic territories east of the Rhine and integrate them into the empire. Between 2 BC and AD 4, Vinicius commanded five legions in Germany, successfully leading them in the "vast war" against Germanic tribes. He was awarded the ornamenta triumphalia upon his return to Rome. In AD 4, Tiberius took command and waged campaigns in northern Germany, conquering several tribes and establishing alliances. The Cherusci tribe, including the influential Arminius, became friends with Rome. Tiberius built a winter base on the Lippe to monitor the Cherusci. By AD 6, most German tribes were pacified, and Rome planned an attack on the Marcomanni but made peace instead. Varus replaced Tiberius and imposed civic changes, but Arminius incited a revolt. In AD 9, Varus fell into an ambush by Arminius, suffering a devastating defeat as Roman forces were surrounded and overwhelmed. Varus took his own life, while a few survivors managed to return to Roman quarters. | |
| 6 AD | 21 AD | Goguryeo-Dongbuyeo Wars |
See main article: Estimates of historical world population#Historical population. Estimates for the world population in 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million. The below table summarizes estimates by various authors.
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