-stan explained

stan (Persian: ستان) has the meaning of "a place abounding in" or "a place where anything abounds" as a suffix. It is widely used by Iranian languages as well as the common Turkish languages (excluding Siberian Turkic) and other languages. The suffix appears in the names of many regions throughout West, Central and South Asia, and parts of the Caucasus and Russia.^[1]

Etymology and cognates

See also: Oikonyms in Western and South Asia.

The suffix -stan is analogous to the suffix -land, present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian (Persian: ریگستان) "place of sand, desert", (Persian: گلستان) "place of flowers, garden", (Persian: گورستان) "graveyard, cemetery",^[2] Hendostân (Persian: هندوستان) "Land of the Indus (India)".^[3]

Originally an independent noun, this morpheme evolved into a suffix by virtue of appearing frequently as the last part in nominal compounds. It is of Indo-Iranian and ultimately Indo-European origin. It is cognate with the English word state, Polish stan (estate, or New World first-level subdivisions), and with Sanskrit (Devanagari: Sanskrit: स्थान in Sanskrit pronounced as /stʰaːnɐ/), meaning "the act of standing", from which many further meanings derive, including "place, location; abode, dwelling", and ultimately descends from Proto-Indo-Iranian,^[4] partly loaned into Ancient Greek as Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: -στήνη .

Countries

Countries adopting the -stan suffix in both English and these countries' national languages include:

• - افغانستان (Afghānistān)
• - Қазақстан (Qazaqstan)
• - Кыргызстан (Kyrgyzstan)
• - پاکستان (Pākistān)
• - Тоҷикистон (Tojikiston)
• - Türkmenistan
• - Ўзбекистон (Oʻzbekiston)

Some of these nations were also known with the Latinate suffix during their time as Soviet republics: Turkmenistan was frequently Turkmenia, Kyrgyzstan often Kirghizia, and even Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were very occasionally Uzbekia and Tajikia.^{[5] [6]} In addition, the native name of Armenia is Hayastan, hay being the endonym of Armenians. The largest -stan country by area is Kazakhstan.

Country names in various languages

English Name	Persian name	Turkish name	Armenian name	Azerbaijani name	Kazakh name	Turkmen name	Tatar name	Uyghur name	Bashkir name	Hindi–Urdu name	Uzbek name
	– Persian: ارمنستان	Turkish: Ermenistan	– Armenian: Հայաստան (native term: – Armenian: Հայք)	Azerbaijani: Ermənistan		Turkmen: Ermenistan	– Tatar: Әрмәнстан		– Bashkir: Әрмәнстан	– Hindi: अर्मनिस्तान – Urdu: ارمنستان	- Uzbek: Арманистон
	– Persian: بلغارستان	Turkish: Bulgaristan		Azerbaijani: Bolqarıstan			– Tatar: Болгарстан		– Bashkir: Болғарстан	– Hindi: बुल्ग़रिस्तान – Urdu: بلغارستان
			– Armenian: Չինաստան
		Turkish: Hırvatistan					- (alternative – Tatar: Хырватстан)		– Bashkir: Хыруатстан	– Hindi: ख़िरवतिस्तान – Urdu: خروتستان
	– Persian: انگلستان									– Hindi: इङ्ग्लिस्तान - Urdu: ان٘گلستان
(and)		- (formerly Turkish: Habeşistan)	- (formerly – Armenian: Հաբեշստան)	- (formerly Azerbaijani: Həbəşistan)			- (formerly – Tatar: Хәбәшстан)	- (formerly – Uighur; Uyghur: ھەبەشىستان)	- (formerly – Bashkir: Хәбәшстан)	– Hindi: हब्शिस्तान – Urdu: حبشستان	- (formerly - Uzbek: Ҳабашистон)
	– Persian: گرجستان	Turkish: Gürcistan	– Armenian: Վրաստան (native term: – Armenian: Վիրք)	Azerbaijani: Gürcüstan			– Tatar: Гөрҗистан		– Bashkir: Гөржөстан	– Hindi: गुर्जिस्तान – Urdu: گرجستان	- Uzbek: Гуржистон
		Turkish: Yunânıstan	– Armenian: Հունաստան	Azerbaijani: Yunânıstan			– Tatar: Юнанстан		– Bashkir: Юнанстан		- Uzbek: Юнонистон
	– Persian: مجارستان	Turkish: Macârıstan		Azerbaijani: Macârıstan	– Kazakh: Мажарстан	Turkmen: Majarystan	– Tatar: Маҗарстан		– Bashkir: Мажарстан	– Hindi: मजारिस्तान – Urdu: مجارستان	- Uzbek: Можаристон
	– Persian: هندوستان	Turkish: Hindistan	– Armenian: Հնդկաստան	Azerbaijani: Hindistan	– Kazakh: Үндістан	Turkmen: Hindistan	– Tatar: Һиндстан	– Uighur; Uyghur: ھىندىستان	– Bashkir: Һиндостан	– Hindi: हिन्दुस्तान – Urdu: ہِنْدُوْسْتان	- Uzbek: Ҳиндистон
	– Persian: مغولستان	Turkish: Moğolistan							– Bashkir: Мағулстан	– Hindi: मङ्गोलिस्तान – Urdu: من٘گولستان	- Uzbek: Мўғулистон
	– Persian: لهستان	- (formerly Turkish: Lehistan)	– Armenian: Լեհաստան				– Tatar: Ләхстан	– Uighur; Uyghur: لەھىستان	– Bashkir: Ләhстан	– Hindi: लहिस्तान – Urdu: لہستان
			– Armenian: Ռուսաստան
	– Persian: عربستان سعودی	Turkish: Suudi Arabistan		Azerbaijani: Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı		Turkmen: Saud Arabystany	– Tatar: Согуд Гарәбстаны	– Uighur; Uyghur: سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان	– Bashkir: Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны		- Uzbek: Саудия Арабистони
	– Persian: صربستان	Turkish: Sırbistan					- (alternative – Tatar: Сырбстан)		– Bashkir: Сырбстан	– Hindi: सर्बिस्तान – Urdu: صربستان

Administrative divisions

The following table lists the subnational entities of different countries that end with -stan.

	Country subdivision name
	Nuristan
	Gobustan
	Rajasthan^[7]
	Golestan, Khuzestan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Sistan, Baluchestan
	Kurdistan Region
	Turkistan
	Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan
	Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Tatarstan
	Karakalpakstan

Administrative subdivisions

The following list shows some examples of some second-level, third-level, and fourth-level subdivisions inside different countries that have their names ending in a -stan-like suffix.

In Iran

Dehestan is the name of an administrative division in Iran.

In other countries

Regions

• Arabistan – the name of the Arabian Peninsula and other meanings
• Arbayistan – a late-antiquity Sasanian satrap
• Asal Hindustan – a name for the Kingdom of Nepal
• Asoristan – the province of Babylonia under the Sassanid Empire
• Azadistan – a short-lived state in the Iranian province of Azarbaijan under Mohammad Khiabani
• Bashkortostan – administrative division of Russia in eastern Europe
• Bashkurdistan – national-territorial autonomy, during the Russian Civil War
• Balawaristan – a revived historical name of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
• Balochistan/Baluchistan – a region in Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
• Baltistan – a northern region in Pakistan
• Bantustan – an Apartheid-era South African and South West African black 'homeland' (the term coined by analogy)
• Cholistan Desert – a desert region in Punjab, Pakistan
• Dardistan – a region in northern Pakistan of Dardu speakers
• Dihistan – a Sassanian province
• East Pakistan – the historic name for pre-independence Bangladesh
• East Turkestan or Uyghuristan – a region dominated by Uyghurs, located in northwest China
• Gharchistan – a medieval region in Afghanistan
  • Hindustan - Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent.
• Indostan – archaic usage in European languages for Hindustan.
• Iraqi Kurdistan – Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq
• Kadagistan – Kadagistan was the name of an eastern Sasanian province in the region of Tokharistan (in what is now north-eastern Afghanistan).
• Kafiristan (land of the infidels) – historic region in Afghanistan until 1896, now known as Nuristan. A similarly named region exists in north Pakistan.
• Kohistan – several regions of this name exist
• Kurdistan – Kurdish region. See also Iranian Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Syrian Kurdistan, and Turkish Kurdistan.
• Lezgistan – ethnolinguistic region in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan
• North Waziristan – northern part of Waziristan region in Pakistan
• Pashtunistan – the area of Afghanistan and North-Western Pakistan historically inhabited by the Pashtun tribes
• Qabailistan – a region in western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
• Quhistan – a region of medieval Persia, essentially the southern part of Greater Khorasan
• Registan – historic site in Samarkand, meaning "place of sand"
• Russian Turkestan – Turkestan in the Russian Empire, later Turkestan Autonomous SSR
• Sakastan or Sistan – a historical and geographical region in present-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan
• Saraikistan – a region in the south-western part of Punjab, Pakistan, with a majority of Saraiki speakers
• South Waziristan – southern part of Waziristan region in Pakistan
• Talyshstan – ethnolinguistic region in the SE Caucasus and NW Iran
• Tatarstan – administrative division of Russia in eastern Europe
• Tokharistan, Tocharistan or Tukharistan, also known as Balkh or Bactria – the ancient name of a historical region in Central Asia, located between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus)
• Turgistan or Turestan – a Sasanian province
• Turkestan or Turkistan – ethnolinguistic region of Turkic peoples and languages, encompassing Central Asia, northwest China, parts of the Caucasus, and Asia Minor
• Uyghurstan, China, same as East Turkestan
• Waziristan – a region of northwest Pakistan

Historical regions

• Frangistan – a historical term used (by Muslims and Persians in particular) to refer to Western or Christian Europe.
• Funjistan (Funj) - a historical empire ubicated in modern-day Sudan
• Kabulistan – a historical name of the territory centered around present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan.
• Lazistan – a historical and cultural region of the Caucasus and Anatolia, traditionally inhabited by the Laz people.
• Moghulistan (Mughalistan) – a historical area in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang
• Tabaristan – a historical mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of Northern Iran.
• Zabulistan – a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan.

Proposed names

• Bangalistan – a proposed state in India.^[8]
• Khalistan – a proposed country for the Sikh people.
• Maronistan – a proposed name for Maronite state in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.^[9]
• Romanistan – a proposed country for the Romani people.
• Saraikistan – a proposed province in Pakistan.
• Zazaistan – a suggested name for the region where the Zazas live.

Fictional

• Absurdistan - various
• Adjikistan – a fictional central Asian country in the video game .
• Aldastan – a fictional central Asian country consisting of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, from .
• Antagonistan – a fictional country in Heavy Weapon
• Ardistan – a fictional country in the novel Ardistan und Djinnistan by Karl May.
• Avgatiganistan – a pun of 'Afghanistan', it means 'Fried eggs' ('Avga tiganista') in Greek. Fictional country by author Eugene Trivizas.
• Azadistan – a fictional kingdom from the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00; it means "free land".
• Azmanastan (or Uzmenistan) – a fictional country and region in the film The Expendables 3.
• Backhairistan- the fictional homeland of Bolbi Stroganovsky, a character from the cartoon series Jimmy Neutron
• Bananastan – A fictional country from the Popeye the Sailor comic book series, which was ruled by Saddam Shahame, a parody of Saddam Hussein, an Iraqi dictator.
• Bangistan – a fictional country in the Bollywood movie Bangistan (2015) starring Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat.
• Bazrakhistan – a fictional former Soviet republic in the movie Act of War (1998) starring Jack Scalia.
• Belgistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in the anime Gasaraki.
• Berzerkistan – a fictional republic run by genocidal terrorist godhead and President for life, Trff Bmzklfrpz, in the comic strip Doonesbury.
• Bilalistan - a country in the novel Lion's Blood
• Blingostan - a fictional country in the show Smiling Friends ran by car criminal dictator Mr. Blingo who commits genocide
• Brajikistan – a fictional country from season 2 of the teen sitcom Wingin' It.
• Capustan – a fictional city-state in Malazan Book of the Fallen.
• Cobrastan – a fake fictional country made up by a character named Jorji Costava in his passport from the game Papers, Please.
• Darujhistan – a fictional city-state in Malazan Book of the Fallen.
• Derkaderkastan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in .
• Djinnistan – a fictional country in the novel Ardistan und Djinnistan by Karl May.
• Franistan – a fictional country referred to in the television show I Love Lucy.
• Frigistan – a fictional country in Heavy Weapon
• Gohet Gostan – a fictional country in Tiga Abdul
• Hachmachistan – fictional country in Kickin' It
• Helmajistan – a fictional area from the anime Full Metal Panic!.
• Howduyustan ("how do you stand?") – a fictional country from the Uncle Scrooge comic book stories.
• Irakistan – a fictional country in the game Broforce
• Iranistan – an oriental region of Hyborea (Conan the Barbarian stories).
• Istan – a fictional island state in the online role-playing game, Guild Wars Nightfall.
• Jazeristan – fictional country in the movie The Misfits.
• Kabulstan – a fictional very hostile third world country that does not like strangers (MacGyver (1985 TV series))
• Kamistan (Islamic Republic of) – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the television series 24.
• Kazanistan – an ideal state imagined by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples, in which there is a system of law, legal representation for all groups, and a respect for basic human rights, but not full democracy.
• Kehjistan – the state of the eastern jungles in the game Diablo II.
• Kekistan – a fictional country created by 4chan members that has become a political meme and online movement.
• Kerakhistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the tabletop miniature wargame Battlefield Evolution.
• Kerplakistan – fictional country in Big Time Rush
• Kreplachistan – a fictional country in the Austin Powers film series.
• Langtbortistan – a fictional country in the Danish Donald Duck cartoons, literally meaning "far-away-in-stan"
• Langtvekkistan - same as the Danish Donald Duck cartoons, but in the Norwegian versions.
• Lojbanistan – the fictional country Lojbanists imagine themselves inhabiting^{[10] [11]}
• Moldovistan – a fictional island country in The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest.
• Obristan – a fictional country in Papers, Please.
• Paristan or Pari-estan – a fairyland in the folklore of Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia.
• Porpoisestan - a fictional hometown country where Pei Pei the Purple Panda lives here in the Thumb Wrestling Federation.
• Pokolistan – a fictional country in DC Comics.
• Ratznestistan – a fictional country in Annie.
• Serdaristan – a fictional country in .
• Skandistan - a fictional country in western Russia in The Years of Rice and Salt
• Stanistan^[12] A common name used to describe a fictional union between the -stan countries.
• Taboulistan – a fictional country in Vive la France
• Takistan – a fictional country in .
• Tazbekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the BBC television series Ambassadors.
• Trashcanistan – a fictional country mentioned by the hosts of "MXC".
• Turaqistan – a fictional country in the movie War, Inc.
• Turgistan – a fictional central Asian dictatorship in 6 Underground.
• Turmezistan – a fictional country in Doctor Who.
• Tyrgyzstan – a fictional country in the BBC television drama The State Within.
• Urzikstan – a fictional country in ^[13]
• Ustinkistan – fictional country in The Fairly OddParents
• Yakyakistan – a fictional northern country in .
• Zekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the video game Full Spectrum Warrior.

Other

• Absurdistan – sometimes used to satirically describe a country where everything goes wrong
• Angyalistan – a micronation that claims garbage patches in international waters
• Autistan – the "metaphorical country" of the autistic people
• Bailoutistan (or Bailoutistan 2.0) - sarcastic term for Greece following the European Union bail out packages, coined by Yanis Varoufakis in his book 'Adults in the Room: My Battle With the European and American Deep Establishment'
• Bimaristan – a kind of hospital in medieval Persia and the medieval Islamic world
• Bradistan – a moniker for Bradford, England, owing to its large population of Pakistani worker migrants
• Canuckistan (full name being The People's Republic of Soviet Canuckistan) – epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on 31 October 2002, on his television show on MSNBC in which he denounced Canadians as anti-American and the country as a haven for terrorists. He was reacting to Canadian criticisms of US security measures regarding Arab Canadians^[14]
• Cavaquistan (Cavaquistão in Portuguese) – a name coined after the former Portuguese President and Prime-Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, referring to the regions of Portugal where he achieved landslide victories in the elections held in the late 1980s and early 1990s (especially in the Viseu District^[15]); intended pun with Kazakhstan (Cazaquistão in Portuguese^[16])
• Dalitstan.org – a Dalit advocacy website active until mid-2006,^[17] one of 18 websites that were blocked by the Indian government to check for hate messages following the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.^[18]
• Extremistan and Mediocristan – used by author Nassim Nicholas Taleb to illustrate concepts of black swan theory in
• Filmistan – a film-production company
• Fondukistan or Fondoqestān – an early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan
• Gazimestan – name of a monument commemorating the historical Battle of Kosovo
• Hookturnistan – satirical name of Melbourne, Victoria, due to the large number of hook turns on city roads
• Hamastan – a concept of a Palestinian Islamic government with Sharia as law
• Iranistan – a pseudo-orientalist mansion built for P. T. Barnum in 1848 in Connecticut
• Islamistan – means 'Land of Islam', used in various contexts
• Londonistan – French counter-terrorism agents gave the British/English capital of London this sobriquet. Sometimes used derogatorily to refer to the large immigrant, especially Muslim, population in London.
• Muristan – a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem
• New Yorkistan – the title of the cover art for the 10 December 2001, edition of The New Yorker magazine
  • The New Yorkistan map itself included various districts ending in -stan, e.g., Bronxistan, Cold Turkeystan, Fuhgeddabouditstan, Gaymenistan, Taxistan, Youdontunderstandistan, etc.
• Orbánistan – a derogatory term for Hungary under the rule of Viktor Orbán^[19]
• Paganistan – the pagan/neo-pagan community of Minneapolis-Saint Paul in Minnesota
• Quebecistan – a term coined by Barbara Kay in 2006 in reference to Quebec, Canada.
• Sarvestan – a Sasanian-era palace in the Iranian province of Sarvestan
• Shabestan – an underground space, usually found in the traditional architecture of mosques, houses, and schools in ancient Persia
• Shahrestan (several meanings)
• Skateistan – a skateboarding/educational organization based in Kabul, Afghanistan
• Swedistan – a derogatory term for Sweden due to its growing immigration from Islamic countries. It is sometimes used by internet users to attack or offend Swedish Muslims.
• Talibanistan – a name for the government of Afghanistan under the Taliban
• Zaqistan – a micronation currently in Nevada

See also

• -abad
• -an
• -desh
• -land
• -patnam
• -pur
• -tania
• List of geographic names of Iranian origin
• Oikonyms in Western and South Asia

Sources

• Book: Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. 2014. I.B.Tauris. Touraj Daryaee. 1–240. 978-0857716668.

Further reading

• Maciuszak, Kinga. The Persian Suffix -(e)stān 'The Land Of' Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 13 (2008): 119–140.

Notes and References

1. News: Ford. Matt. Kazakhstan's President Is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan'. 28 October 2022. The Atlantic. 7 February 2014. en. 25 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221025082333/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/kazakhstans-president-is-tired-of-his-countrys-name-ending-in-stan/283676/. live.
2. Book: Moshiri, Leila. English-Persian Glossary. Colloquial Persian. 1988. Routledge. 150. 0-415-00886-7.
3. Book: Kapur. Anu. Mapping Place Names of India. 2019. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-429-61421-7. en.
4. Book: Macdonell, A. A.. A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. 1929. Oxford University Press. London. 365. Arthur Anthony Macdonell. 1 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221016144545/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?page=365. 16 October 2022. live.
5. Web site: Google Ngram. Uzbekia, Kirgizia, Turkmenia, Tajikia . https://web.archive.org/web/20230410094017/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Uzbekia,%20Kirgizia,%20Turkmenia,%20Tajikia&year_start=1900&year_end=2100&corpus=0&smoothing=2&case_insensitive=on&direct_url=t1%3B%2CUzbekia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CKirgizia%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BKirgizia%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BKIRGIZIA%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CTurkmenia%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BTurkmenia%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BTURKMENIA%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2CUzbekia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CKirgizia%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BKirgizia%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BKIRGIZIA%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CTurkmenia%3B%2Cc1%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BTurkmenia%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BTURKMENIA%3B%2Cc0 . 10 April 2023 .
6. Book: Becker, Seymour. Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. 2004. Routledge. 1-134-33582-2. 553. As early as June 1920, Lenin had toyed with the idea of dividing Russian Turkestan into three national regions: Uzbekia, Kirgizia and Turkmenia..
7. The suffix -sthan is through Indic, not Iranic.
8. Web site: Turmoil in the North East: The demand for Bangalistan. 28 January 2020. SabrangIndia. en. 16 April 2020. 28 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128134544/https://www.sabrangindia.in/article/turmoil-north-east-demand-bangalistan. live.
9. News: Lebanese solution " 15 Jul 1978 " The Spectator Archive. The Spectator Archive. 19 August 2018. 20 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005719/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/15th-july-1978/9/lebanese-solution. live.
10. Web site: Lojbnaistan. 4 November 2013. lojban wiki. 30 March 2017. 31 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030632/https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojbanistan. live.
11. Book: Cowan, John Waldemar. The Complete Lojban Language. http://www.lojban.org/publications/reference_grammar/chapter1.html. First. 1997. The Logical Language Group. Fairfax, VA, US. English. 0-9660283-0-9. 3. 1. 30 March 2017. 2 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170402142427/http://www.lojban.org/publications/reference_grammar/chapter1.html. live.
12. Web site: Stanistan (TV Movie 2015) - IMDb . .
13. News: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare returns to tread a moral minefield. Stuart. Keith. 31 May 2019. The Guardian. 25 September 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077. 25 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190925003729/https://www.theguardian.com/games/2019/may/31/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-reboot-controversy-activision. live.
14. Book: Allan, Chantal. Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media. registration. soviet%20canuckistan%20arab%20canadians.. 2009. Athabasca University Press. 978-1-897425-49-7. 84–85. en.
15. News: Cavaquistão continua irredutível e a votar laranja ("Cavaquistan remains unyielding and voting orange") (in Portuguese). 6 October 2019. Visão. 26 August 2020. 3 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201003182449/https://visao.sapo.pt/atualidade/politica/2019-10-06-cavaquistao-continua-irredutivel-e-a-votar-laranja/. live.
16. Book: Carla Fernandes. Multimodality and Performance. 2016. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 978-1-4438-9465-4. 27. 1 October 2020. 10 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230410094013/https://books.google.com/books?id=qOX6DAAAQBAJ&q=cavaquist%C3%A3o+cavaquistan&pg=PA27. live.
17. Book: Dibyesh Anand. Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. 15 October 2011. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-0-230-36263-5. 34–.
18. News: Govt blocks 18 sites to check hate messages. 19 July 2006. The Times of India. 15 December 2015. 27 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130527095335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/india/27816956_1_govt-blocks-check-terror-websites. dead.
19. Web site: The Ruler of Orbánistan. 13 March 2022. Aspen Institute Central Europe. cs. 13 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220813060919/https://www.aspen.review/article/2017/the-ruler-of-orbanistan/. live.