L Explained

L
Letter:	L l
Script:	Latin script
Type:	Alphabet
Typedesc:	ic and logographic
Language:	Latin language
Unicode:	U+004C, U+006C
Alphanumber:	12
Fam1:	U20
Fam2:	S39
Fam7:	Λ λ
Usageperiod:	~−700 to present
Associates:	l(x), lj, ll, ly
Direction:	Left-to-right

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is el (pronounced), plural els.^[1]

History

Lamedh may have come from a pictogram of an ox goad or cattle prod. Some have suggested that is represents a shepherd's staff.^[2]

Typographic variants

In most sans-serif typefaces, the lowercase letter ell (l), written, may be difficult to distinguish from the uppercase letter "eye" (I); in some serif typefaces, the glyph may be confused with the glyph, the digit one. To avoid such confusion, some newer computer fonts (such as Trebuchet MS) have a finial, a curve to the right at the bottom of the lowercase letter ell. In the blackletter type used in England until the seventeenth century,^[3] the letter L is written as the render

ak{L} .

Another means of reducing such confusion is to use symbol, which is a cursive, handwriting-style lowercase form of the letter "ell"; this form is seen in European road signs and advertisements. In Japan, for example, this is the symbol for the liter. (The International Committee for Weights and Measures recommends using or for the liter, without specifying a typeface.) In Unicode, the cursive form is encoded as from the "letter-like symbols" block. Unicode encodes an explicit symbol as .^[4] The TeX syntax

<math>\ell</math> renders it as \ell . In mathematical formulas, an italic form () of the script ℓ is the norm. Sometimes seen in Web typography, a serif font for the lowercase letter ell, such as, in otherwise sans-serif text was used.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of (l) by language! Orthography! Phonemes

(Pinyin)	pronounced as /link/
English	pronounced as /link/, silent
French	pronounced as /link/, silent
German	pronounced as /link/
Portuguese	pronounced as /link/
Spanish	pronounced as /link/
Turkish	pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/

English

In English orthography, (l) usually represents the phoneme, which can have several sound values, depending on the speaker's accent, and whether it occurs before or after a vowel. In Received Pronunciation, the alveolar lateral approximant (the sound represented in IPA by lowercase pronounced as /[l]/) occurs before a vowel, as in lip or blend, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA pronounced as /[ɫ]/) occurs in bell and milk. This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use (l); it is also a factor making the pronunciation of (l) difficult for users of languages that lack (l) or have different values for it, such as Japanese or some southern dialects of Chinese. A medical condition or speech impediment restricting the pronunciation of (l) is known as lambdacism.

In English orthography, (l) is often silent in such words as walk or could (though its presence can modify the preceding vowel letter's value), and it is usually silent in such words as palm and psalm; however, there is some regional variation. L is the eleventh most frequently used letter in the English language.

Other languages

(l) usually represents the sound pronounced as /[l]/ or some other lateral consonant. Common digraphs include (ll), which has a value identical to (l) in English, but has the separate value voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA pronounced as /[ɬ]/) in Welsh, where it can appear in an initial position. In Spanish, (ll) represents pronounced as //ʎ// (pronounced as /[ʎ]/, pronounced as /[j]/, pronounced as /[ʝ]/, pronounced as /[ɟʝ]/, or pronounced as /[ʃ]/, depending on dialect).

A palatal lateral approximant or palatal (l) (IPA pronounced as /[ʎ]/) occurs in many languages, and is represented by (gli) in Italian, (ll) in Spanish and Catalan, (lh) in Portuguese, and (ļ) in Latvian.

In Turkish, (l) generally represents pronounced as /link/, but represents pronounced as /link/ before (a), (ı), (o), or (u).

In Washo, lower-case (l) represents a typical [l] sound, while upper-case (L) represents a voiceless [l̥] sound, a bit like double (ll) in Welsh.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses (IPA|l) to represent the voiced alveolar lateral approximant and a small cap (IPA|ʟ) to represent the voiced velar lateral approximant.

Other uses

See main article: article and L (disambiguation).

• The capital letter L is used as the currency sign for the Albanian lek and the Honduran lempira. It was often used, especially in handwriting, as the currency sign for the Italian lira. Historically, it was commonly used as a currency sign for the British pound sterling (to abbreviate the Latin Latin: [[Carolingian pound|libra]], a pound, see £sd); in modern usage, it has been overtaken by the pound sign (£), which is based on the blackletter form of the letter. In running text, its lower-case form (usually italicised),

l, was more often seen.

• The Roman numeral L represents the number 50.^[5]
• In the International system of units, the liter (or litre) is abbreviated using an upper-case (or a lower-case) L.^[6]
• In watchmaking, the ligne (a traditional French measure of length still used in the industry) is abbreviated using an upper-case L.^[7]
• In chemistry, L is used as a symbol for the Avogadro constant.^[8]

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• IPA-specific symbols related to L: pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/
• IPA superscript symbols related to L:^[9]
• Extensions to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA):^{[10] [11]}
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to L:^[12]
  • • • • ₗ : Subscript small l was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[13]
• ȴ : L with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[14]
• Ꞁ ꞁ : Turned L was used by William Pryce to designate the Welsh voiced lateral spirant [ɬ]^[15] The lower case is also used in the Romic alphabet. In Unicode, these are and .
• : Small letter l with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.^[16]
• Other variations are used for phonetic transcription: ᶅ^[17] ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ^[18]
• Ꝇ ꝇ : Broken L was used in some medieval Nordic manuscripts^[19]
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to L:^[20]
  • • • • • • • • • • L with diacritics: Ĺ ĺ Ł ł Ľ ľ Ḹ ḹ L̃ l̃ Ļ ļ Ŀ ŀ Ḷ ḷ Ḻ ḻ Ḽ ḽ Ƚ ƚ Ⱡ ⱡ

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ℒ ℓ : Script letter L (capital and lowercase, respectively)
• £ : pound sign
• Ꝉ ꝉ : Forms of L were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[21]
• Ł or ł, "L with stroke" used in Polish and many neighbouring languages

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• Phoenician: : Semitic letter Lamedh, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Λ λ : Greek letter Lambda, from which the following letters derive
    • Л л : Cyrillic letter El
    • Ⲗⲗ : Coptic letter Lamda
    • : Old Italic letter L, which is the ancestor of modern Latin L
      • ᛚ : Runic letter laguz, which might derive from old Italic L
    • : Gothic letter laaz

Other representations

Computing

Other

Notes and References

1. "L" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989) Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. (1993); "el", "ells", op. cit.
2. Web site: Ancient Hebrew Research Center. 12 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150103100530/http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/3_lam.html. 3 January 2015. dead.
3. Book: Dowding, Geoffrey . An introduction to the history of printing types; an illustrated summary of main stages in the development of type design from 1440 up to the present day: an aid to type face identification. . Wace . 1962 . Clerkenwell [London] . 5.
4. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.1.0/ch22.pdf The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0, Chapter 22
5. Book: Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . registration . roman numerals. . University of California Press . 1983 . 3 October 2015 . Gordon, Arthur E. . 44. 9780520038981 .
6. Web site: The International System of Units (SI) The SI brochure, 9th edition, 2019 . 23 July 2023 . December 2022 . .
7. Web site: Foire aux questions sur l'horlogerie et les montres . Frequently asked questions about watches and clocks . fr . 2022-01-18 . horlogerie-suisse.com . French: Par tradition ancestrale, les horlogers n’utilisent pas le millimètre mais la ligne pour désigner le diamètre d'encageage d'un mouvement. . By ancestral tradition, watchmakers do not use the millimeter but the line to designate the casing diameter of a movement . 2022-01-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121164847/http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com/horlomag/articles-horlogers/00199/foire-aux-questions-sur-l-horlogerie-et-les-montres . dead .
8. H. P. Lehmann, X. Fuentes-Arderiu, and L. F. Bertello (1996): "Glossary of terms in quantities and units in Clinical Chemistry (IUPAC-IFCC Recommendations 1996)"; page 963, item "Avogadro constant". Pure and Applied Chemistry, volume 68, issue 4, pages 957–1000.
9. Web site: L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic. 2020-11-08. Kirk. Miller. Michael. Ashby.
10. Web site: L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS. 2020-07-11. Kirk. Miller. Martin. Ball.
11. Web site: L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes. 2020-12-07. Deborah. Anderson.
12. Web site: L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS. 2002-03-20. Michael. Everson. Michael Everson. etal.
13. Web site: L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. 2009-01-27. Klaas. Ruppel. Tero. Aalto. Michael. Everson.
14. Web site: L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS. 2001-09-20. Richard. Cook. Michael. Everson.
15. Web site: L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS. 2006-08-06. Michael. Everson.
16. Web site: L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam. 2021-07-16. Kirk. Miller. Neil. Rees.
17. Web site: L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS. 2004-04-19. Peter. Constable.
18. Web site: L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks. 2020-07-11. Kirk. Miller.
19. Web site: L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS. 2006-01-30. Michael. Everson. Peter. Baker. António. Emiliano. Florian. Grammel. Odd Einar. Haugen. Diana. Luft. Susana. Pedro. Gerd. Schumacher. Andreas. Stötzner.
20. Web site: L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS. 2011-06-02. Michael. Everson. Alois. Dicklberger. Karl. Pentzlin. Eveline. Wandl-Vogt.
21. Web site: L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS. 2006-01-30. Michael. Everson. Peter. Baker. António. Emiliano. Florian. Grammel. Odd Einar. Haugen. Diana. Luft. Susana. Pedro. Gerd. Schumacher. Andreas. Stötzner.