Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʾālep, Hebrew ʾālef, Aramaic ʾālap, Syriac ʾālap̄ ܐ, Arabic ʾalif, and North Arabian . It also appears as South Arabian and Ge'ez ʾälef አ.
These letters are believed to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph depicting an ox's head[1] to describe the initial sound of *ʾalp, the West Semitic word for ox[2] (compare Biblical Hebrew ʾelef, "ox"[3]). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the Greek alpha (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Α), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А.
Phonetically, aleph originally represented the onset of a vowel at the glottis. In Semitic languages, this functions as a prosthetic weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the aleph is an absence of a true consonant, a glottal stop (pronounced as /link/), the sound found in the catch in uh-oh. In Arabic, the alif represents the glottal stop pronunciation when it is the initial letter of a word. In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an aleph as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, hamza in Arabic and mappiq in Tiberian Hebrew. In later Semitic languages, aleph could sometimes function as a mater lectionis indicating the presence of a vowel elsewhere (usually long). When this practice began is the subject of some controversy, though it had become well established by the late stage of Old Aramaic (ca. 200 BCE). Aleph is often transliterated as, based on the Greek spiritus lenis Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ʼ; for example, in the transliteration of the letter name itself, .[4]
The name aleph is derived from the West Semitic word for "ox" (as in the Biblical Hebrew word Eleph (אֶלֶף) 'ox'), and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph that may have been based on an Egyptian hieroglyph, which depicts an ox's head.[5]
In Modern Standard Arabic, the word Arabic: أليف /ʔaliːf/ literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root pronounced as /ʔ-L-F/, from which the verb ألِف pronounced as //ʔalifa// means 'to be acquainted with; to be on intimate terms with'.[6] In modern Hebrew, the same root pronounced as /ʔ-L-P/ (alef-lamed-peh) gives me’ulaf, the passive participle of the verb le’alef, meaning 'trained' (when referring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals).
The Egyptian "vulture" hieroglyph (Gardiner G1), by convention pronounced pronounced as /[a]/) is also referred to as aleph, on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop (pronounced as /[ʔ]/), although some recent suggestions[7] [8] tend towards an alveolar approximant (pronounced as /link/) sound instead. Despite the name it does not correspond to an aleph in cognate Semitic words, where the single "reed" hieroglyph is found instead.
The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in Unicode (as of version 5.1, in the Latin Extended-D range) encoded at U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF and U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF. A fallback representation is the numeral 3, or the Middle English character ȝ Yogh; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.
Written as Arabic: ا or, spelled as Arabic: ألف or and transliterated as , it is the first letter in Arabic and North Arabian. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek alpha and Latin A, it is descended from Phoenician, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite "ox".
Alif has the highest frequency out of all 28 letters in the Arabic abjad. Alif is also the most used letter in Arabic.
Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word:
See main article: Hamza. The Arabic letter was used to render either a long pronounced as //aː// or a glottal stop pronounced as //ʔ//. That led to orthographical confusion and to the introduction of the additional marking Arabic: ﺀ to fix the problem. Hamza is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases, it appears on a carrier, either a (Arabic: ؤ), a dotless (Arabic: ئ), or an alif. The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif Arabic: إ أ is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is . It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-, below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel.
A second type of hamza, (Arabic: همزة وصل) whose diacritic is normally omitted outside of sacred texts, occurs only as the initial letter of the definite article and in some related cases. It differs from in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Alif is always the carrier.
The is a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel. Essentially, it is the same as a Arabic: أا sequence: Arabic: آ (final Arabic: ـآ) pronounced as //ʔaː//, for example in Arabic: آخر pronounced as //ʔaːxir// 'last'. "It has become standard for a hamza followed by a long ā to be written as two alifs, one vertical and one horizontal."[9] (the "horizontal" alif being the maddah sign).
The ى ('limited/restricted alif', ), commonly known in Egypt as (Arabic: ألف لينة, 'flexible alif'), may appear only at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular alif, it represents the same sound pronounced as //aː//, often realized as a short vowel. When it is written, is indistinguishable from final Persian ye or Arabic as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere.
The letter is transliterated as in Kazakh, representing the vowel /ə/. is transliterated as in ALA-LC, in DIN 31635, in ISO 233-2, and in ISO 233.
In Arabic, alif maqsurah Arabic: ى is not used initially or medially, and it is not joinable initially or medially in any font. However, the letter is used initially and medially in the Uyghur Arabic alphabet and the Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet, representing the vowel /ɯ/: .
As a vowel, the letter alif maqsurah can be a carrier with a hamza. The alif maqṣūrah with hamza is thus written as:
As a numeral, alif stands for the number one. It may be modified as follows to represent other numbers.
| One dot below | 1,000 | |
| One line below | 10,000 | |
| One line above | 1,000,000 | |
| Two dots below | 10,000,000 |
The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew Hebrew: א in typography for convenience, but the actual graphic form varied significantly over the long history and wide geographic extent of the language. Maraqten identifies three different aleph traditions in East Arabian coins: a lapidary Aramaic form that realizes it as a combination of a V-shape and a straight stroke attached to the apex, much like a Latin K; a cursive Aramaic form he calls the "elaborated X-form", essentially the same tradition as the Hebrew reflex; and an extremely cursive form of two crossed oblique lines, much like a simple Latin X.[10]
Hebrew spelling:
In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter either represents a glottal stop (pronounced as /link/) or indicates a hiatus (the separation of two adjacent vowels into distinct syllables, with no intervening consonant). It is sometimes silent (word-finally always, word-medially sometimes: pronounced as /[hu]/ "he", pronounced as /[ʁaˈʃi]/ "main", pronounced as /[ʁoʃ]/ "head", pronounced as /[ʁiˈʃon]/ "first"). The pronunciation varies in different Jewish ethnic divisions.In gematria, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 1000 (e.g. in numbers would be the Hebrew date 1754, not to be confused with 1754 CE).
Aleph, along with ayin, resh, he and heth, cannot receive a dagesh. (However, there are few very rare examples of the Masoretes adding a dagesh or mappiq to an aleph or resh. The verses of the Hebrew Bible for which an aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are Genesis 43:26, Leviticus 23:17, Job 33:21 and Ezra 8:18.)
In Modern Hebrew, the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%.
Aleph is sometimes used as a mater lectionis to denote a vowel, usually pronounced as //a//. That use is more common in words of Aramaic and Arabic origin, in foreign names, and some other borrowed words.
Aleph is the subject of a midrash that praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In Hebrew, the Bible begins with the second letter of the alphabet, bet.) In the story, aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the Ten Commandments. (In Hebrew, the first word is anoki, which starts with an aleph.)
In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter aleph is king over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the chest in the soul.
Aleph is also the first letter of the Hebrew word emet, which means truth. In Judaism, it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the golem that ultimately gave it life.
Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's name in Exodus, I Am who I Am (in Hebrew, Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh Hebrew: אהיה אשר אהיה), and aleph is an important part of mystical amulets and formulas.
Aleph represents the oneness of God. The letter can be seen as being composed of an upper yud, a lower yud, and a vav leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav ("hook") connects the two realms.
Judaism relates aleph to the element of air, and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth .
In Yiddish,[11] aleph is used for several orthographic purposes in native words, usually with different diacritical marks borrowed from Hebrew niqqud:
Loanwords from Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin.
In the Syriac alphabet, the first letter is Syriac: ܐ, Classical Syriac: ܐܵܠܲܦ, alap (in eastern dialects) or olaph (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel, but some words beginning with i or u do not need its help, and sometimes, an initial alap/olaph is elided. For example, when the Syriac first-person singular pronoun Classical Syriac: ܐܸܢܵܐ is in enclitic positions, it is pronounced no/na (again west/east), rather than the full form eno/ana. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels o/a or e. In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a glottal stop between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes it a palatal approximant), a long i/e (less commonly o/a) or is silent.
In the Ancient South Arabian alphabet, appears as the seventeenth letter of the South Arabian abjad. The letter is used to render a glottal stop pronounced as //ʔ//.
In the Ge'ez alphabet, ʾälef አ appears as the thirteenth letter of its abjad. This letter is also used to render a glottal stop pronounced as //ʔ//.
In set theory, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the aleph numbers, which represent the cardinality of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician Georg Cantor. In older mathematics books, the letter aleph is often printed upside down by accident, partly because a Monotype matrix for aleph was mistakenly constructed the wrong way up.
The Mapai political party in Israel used an aleph as its election symbol, and featured it prominently in its campaign posters.[12]