E Explained

E
Letter:	E e
Script:	Latin script
Type:	Alphabet
Typedesc:	ic
Language:	Latin language
Unicode:	U+0045, U+0065
Alphanumber:	5
Fam1:	A28
Fam6:	Ε ε ϵ
Usageperiod:	– present
Associates:	ee, e(x), e(x)(y)
Direction:	Left-to-right

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is e (pronounced); plural es, Es or E's.^[1]

It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long E" sound, pronounced . In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

History

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul, 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation.

In Semitic, the letter represented pronounced as //h// (and pronounced as //e// in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent pronounced as //e//. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of (e) by language! Orthography! Phonemes

(Pinyin)	pronounced as /link/
English	pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as //ɪə//
French	pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/
German	pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/
	pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as //ɐi//
Spanish	pronounced as /link/
Turkish	pronounced as /link/

English

Although Middle English spelling used (e) to represent long and short pronounced as /link/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long pronounced as //eː// (as in me or bee) to pronounced as //iː// while short pronounced as /link/ (as in met or bed) remained a mid vowel. In unstressed syllables, this letter is usually pronounced either as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages, it represents either pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: (e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ)) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, (e) represents a mid-central vowel pronounced as //ə//. Digraphs with (e) are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as (ea) or (ee) for pronounced as //iː// or pronounced as //eɪ// in English, (ei) for pronounced as //aɪ// in German, and (eu) for pronounced as //ø// in French or pronounced as //ɔɪ// in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses (IPA|e) for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Frequency

E is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet and several other European languages,^[7] which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. This makes it a harder letter to use when writing lipograms.

Other uses

See main article: article and E (disambiguation).

• In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, "E" corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
• "e" is also commonly used to denote Euler's number.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ^[8]
• ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[9]
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[8]
  • Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[8]
  • ᶟ : Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e^[8]
  • ɞ : Latin small letter closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
  • : Modifier letter small closed reversed open e, which is a superscript IPA letter
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • : Modifier letter small reversed e, which is a superscript IPA letter^[10]
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:^[11]
  • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ^[12]
• _e : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies^[13]
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:^[14]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive:
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є є : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • : Coptic letter Ei
    • : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic E
    • : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton).
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• : the base of the natural logarithm.

Other representations

Computing

Other

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

See also

• E notation is used by scientific calculators to indicate a power of ten multiplier.

Notes and References

1. Oxford Dictionary of English . E . Oxford University Press . 9780199571123 . 3rd . 2010 . noun (plural Es or E's).
2. Web site: Letter frequencies. Kelk. Brian. 2022-02-02. 2008-05-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509055951/http://www.bckelk.ukfsn.org/words/etaoin.html. live.
3. Web site: Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text . Lewand . Robert . Cryptographical Mathematics . . 2008-06-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080708193159/http://pages.central.edu/emp/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html . 2008-07-08 .
4. Web site: Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. 2008-06-25. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220207/http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqsp.shtml. 2008-05-11.
5. Web site: Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. 2008-06-25. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080312222737/http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqfr.shtml. 2008-03-12.
6. Web site: Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. 2008-06-25. dead. https://archive.today/20120628214132/http://scplweb.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqger.shtml. 2012-06-28.
7. Grigas . Gintautas . Juškevičienė . Anita . 2018-03-26 . Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet . International Linguistics Research . en . 1 . 1 . 18. 10.30560/ilr.v1n1p18 . 2576-2982. free .
8. Web site: L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS. 2004-04-19. Peter. Constable. 2018-03-24. 2017-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf. live.
9. Web site: L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS. 2006-01-26. Therese. Lemonen. Klaas. Ruppel. Erkki I.. Kolehmainen. Caroline. Sandström. 2018-03-24. 2017-07-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf. live.
10. Web site: L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf . 2021-07-30 . live. 2020-11-08. Kirk. Miller. Michael. Ashby.
11. Web site: L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS. 2002-03-20. Michael. Everson. Michael Everson. etal. 2018-03-24. 2018-02-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf. live.
12. Web site: L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. 2006-04-07. Klaas. Ruppel. Jack. Rueter. Erkki I.. Kolehmainen. 2018-03-24. 2017-07-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090340/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06215-n3070.pdf. live.
13. Web site: L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS. 2004-06-07. Deborah. Anderson. Michael. Everson. 2018-03-24. 2017-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014402/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf. live.
14. Web site: L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS. 2011-06-02. Michael. Everson. Alois. Dicklberger. Karl. Pentzlin. Eveline. Wandl-Vogt. 2018-03-24. 2017-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf. live.