| Šalčininkai District Municipality | |
| Native Name: | Šalčininkų rajono savivaldybė |
| Native Name Lang: | lt |
| Settlement Type: | Municipality |
| Image Map1: | SalcininkuRajonoSeniunijos.png |
| Map Caption1: | Map of Šalčininkai district municipality |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Lithuania |
| Subdivision Type1: | Ethnographic region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Dzūkija |
| Subdivision Type2: | County |
| Subdivision Name2: | Vilnius County |
| Seat Type: | Capital |
| Seat: | Šalčininkai |
| Parts Type: | Elderships |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Total Km2: | 1491 |
| Population Footnotes: | [1] |
| Population Total: | 29913 |
| Population As Of: | 2024 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Timezone1: | EET |
| Utc Offset1: | +2 |
| Timezone1 Dst: | EEST |
| Utc Offset1 Dst: | +3 |
| Area Code Type: | Telephone code |
| Blank Name Sec1: | Major settlements |
Šalčininkai District Municipality (Lithuanian: Šalčininkų rajono savivaldybė, Polish: Rejon solecznicki) is one of 60 district municipalities in Lithuania. The municipality is part of the Vilnius County and is located in southeastern Lithuania, next to the Belarus–Lithuania border. The south-eastern border of the municipality with Belarus includes a distinctive salient of Lithuanian territory, known as the Dieveniškės appendix, almost completely surrounded by Belarus.
Šalčininkai is the largest town and the administrative center of the district with its newly built quarters, while the second largest town is Eišiškės, a more historical town, which was the center of the district and the largest town before 1972.
It has a Polish majority population, with three-quarters of the population claiming Polish ethnicity.[2]
Šalčininkai district was formed in 1950, during the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, from 34 of the abolished Vilnius county. The district's area was 957 km². In 1950–53, the Šalčininkai district was part of the Vilnius region. In 1962, Šalčininkai and Eišiškės districts were merged into one and named Eišiškės district, while five neighborhoods were transferred to the Varėna district. In 1972, Eišiškės district was renamed to Šalčininkai district. There were two towns (Eišiškės, Šalčininkai) in the district in 1974.
| 1954–1972 | 17 | ||
| 1976 | 16 | ||
| 1979 | 14 | ||
| 1986 | 13 | ||
| 1989 | 12 |
On 11 March 1990, when the Supreme Council of Lithuania declared the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, some non-Lithuanians in the Vilnius Region, mostly members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, began actively creating a separatist territorial entity under Moscow's inspiration and guidance. From 1988 to 21 August 1991, the autonomists of the Šalčininkai and Vilnius districts organized three congresses of the Poles of the Vilnius region. In order to disrupt the Lithuanian state at that time, both aforementioned district councils adopted dozens of anti-state resolutions. For example, by the decision of the Šalčininkai district council, as many as 384 of the district's young men were taken into the Soviet army during one and a half years and the work of the Lithuanian border guards was sabotaged in various ways. During this period, all Lithuanian government decisions were blocked in Vilnius and Šalčininkai districts. The autonomists acted brazenly, because of Moscow's direct support and because they were aided by the Soviet army, which was still stationed on Lithuanian soil. The attempts to create a Polish autonomy in the Vilnius Region collapsed when the Moscow-led Soviet leadership, which was the project's main supporter, collapsed in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt.
In 1995, the Šalčininkai district municipality was established instead of the Šalčininkai district.
Geographically, the eastern part of the district is in the, the western part is in the, while the southwestern part is in the . The highest place is near, the lowest is near Šalčia, near the boundary between the Šalčininkai and the Varėna district municipalities.
Through the district flows the river Merkys and its tributaries Šalčia and, as well as the Nemunas tributary Gauja. In the Šalčininkai district, there are 3 and 13 ponds. The Poškonys Reservoir (Poškonių tvenkinys) with an area of 0.3 km2 on the Gauja River is located in the district.
Forest coverage is 48%, with pine forests prevailing. The biggest forest is the Rūdninkai forest. The most important mineral deposits are gravel (Jašiūnai,,,,), sand (Pabarė).
Lithuanian Route 104 passes through the district.
The average temperature in January is -4.5 °C, while in July it is 17 °C. Annual rainfall is 650 mm.
| 2021[3] | 2011[4] | 2001[5] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poles | 22,933 | 76.3 | 26,858 | 77.75 | 31,223 | 79.48 | |
| Lithuanians | 3,789 | 12.6 | 3,746 | 10.84 | 4,086 | 10.4 | |
| Russians | 1,517 | 5.05 | 1,858 | 5.38 | 1,948 | 4.96 | |
| Belarusians | 857 | 2.85 | 1,162 | 3.36 | 1,139 | 2.9 | |
| Ukrainians | 174 | 0.58 | 226 | 0.65 | 253 | 0.64 | |
| Romani/Gypsies | / | / | 82 | 0.24 | 105 | 0.27 | |
| Tatars | / | / | 28 | 0.08 | 33 | 0.08 | |
| Germans | / | / | 13 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.02 | |
| Latvians | / | / | 10 | 0.02 | 13 | 0.03 | |
| Others | 161 | 0.54 | 53 | 0.15 | 75 | 1.34 | |
| Not indicated | 621 | 2.07 | 487 | 1.41 | 398 | 1.01 | |
| Total | 30,052 | 100 | 34,544 | 100 | 39,282 | 100 | |