| Ōmana Regional Park | |
| Location: | Franklin, Auckland, New Zealand |
| Coords: | -36.8799°N 175.0239°W |
| Map: | New Zealand Auckland |
| Operator: | Auckland Council |
Ōmana Regional Park is situated south-east of Auckland and just west of Maraetai, in the Franklin area of the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is owned and managed by Auckland Council.[1]
The park is located on a gently contoured knoll, which rises 40 meters above sea level. From the highest point looking inland, visitors can see from Maraetai to the Beachlands settlements. Looking seaward, there are views of the Hauraki Gulf.[2]
The eastern boundary is the Whitford-Maraetai road which is separated from view by a strip of mature native bush. There are 40.81 hectares of park of which about 20 hectares are used to graze sheep and the rest is used for recreational activities.[3] The western boundary is the brackish Te Puru Creek.[4]
At least twenty-six different types of bird are found in the park. natives include: pied stilt, pūkeko (Porphyrio melanotus),kererū, tūī which appears almost black except for a white tuft under its chin, fantail, grey warbler, red-billed gull, southern black-backed gull (see kelp gull), South Island pied oystercatcher and the closely related variable oystercatcher (Haematopus unicolor), pied shag, kingfisher, and white-faced heron.[5] The white-fronted tern can be found resting on the greywacke outcrops which become visible at low tide.
The beach and extensive rock platform, form the northern boundary of the park. The whole of Omana Regional Park is underlain at a depth of 30 – 100m by ancient greywacke (a harder basement sedimentary rock).[6] The greywacke belongs to the Waiheke group. The softer more recent sandstone is of the Waitamata group.
The layered sandstones and siltstones (mudstones) are seen in the cliff faces and also form the shore platform around the northand west sides of the park. These softer, generally yellow-brown rocks are approximately 19-20 million years old and are made up of the Waitamata formation (East Coast Bays facies) of early Miocene (Late Otaian) age.[7] Distortion and faulted dipping, of this once soft strata, can be seen both in the cliffs and in the small ridges of the rock platform extending out from the beach at low tide.
What makes an interesting discovery is that protruding through the softer yellow-brown sedimentary sandstone and mudstone layers, there are ancient (200-million-year-old) tips of greywacke sea stacks from the Jurassic age.[7] They are older and harder (cut or formed from the original 200-million-year-old greywacke about 25 million years ago). They are about 1–2 meters high and are found in the shore platform, about 200 metres east of the park at Omana Beach.[7]
Holocene sands (less than 7000 years old) form the flat area behind Omana Beach and at Te Puru Creek.[5]
200 - 150 million years ago sand eroded from the super-continent Gondwana into a deep trough in the sea floor. These deposits were kilometers thick and compressed, folded and heated became hard greywacke.
150 - 120 million years ago The hard greywacke was uplifted and became the first mountainous backbone of New Zealand. 120 - 70 million years ago the mountain ranges were eroded to a great degree. 35 – 15 million years ago the sea completely covered much of New Zealand. During this long quiet period, sediments were deposited over the old basement rock and gradually metamorphosed into sandstones. 15 – 5 million years ago The greywackes were again uplifted (Late Miocene). This second set of earth movements, known as the Kaikoura Orogeny, elevated large fault-bounded blocks to form the horsts (upfaulted blocks of land) of the Hunua and Coromandel Ranges, and threw down the grabens (down-faulted blocks) of the Firth of Thames and Hauraki Gulf which Omana now overlooks.[8]
Apart from the pōhutukawa and grass areas, there is a southern patch of mature tānekaha and a northern patch of pūriri (ripe red berries) and taraire. Other large trees include rewarewa, mapou, kōwhai, tōtara, tree ferns, cabbage trees, and kahikatea. Kānuka can be found on the slopes of the Te Puru creek (the estuarine mangrove salt marsh).[9]
The intertidal ecology is mainly composed of three areas:
Ōmana Regional Park has been a traditional home for Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki for generations.[11] The name Ōmana is a shortening of Ōmanawatere ("The Place of Manawatere"), referring to the name of a Ngāi Tai ancestor.[11] According to legend, "This man Manawatere came from Hawaiki, he did not come in a canoe (waka), he glided over the ripples of the waves".[12] The ARC information board beside the pa says he rode on the back of a taniwha.
On the perimeter track, visitors will find a grassed area, overlooking the sea, which was the original site of a Ngāi Tai pā.[13] (see Pā). This grassed area has a deep ditch whose internal bank would have once been much higher and topped with a strong palisade of posts. O-Manawatere is a relatively small pā.[14]
The park was part of William Fairburn's Maraetai Mission Station, which operated from 1837 to 1842. It was one of the first European farms in eastern Auckland.[11] The forest covering the park and surrounding area was felled for timber by European settlers who cleared the land for farming during the mid-1840s. Kauri felled in the Maraetai hills behind Omana was hauled by bullock teams down to the sea and then floated to mills in Auckland.[15] The Omana park area was also dug for kauri gum and even prospected for gold and silver.[16] In 1852 following the discovery of gold in Coromandel many searched the hills digging shafts wherever quartz veins could be located.[17]
The area was farmed continuously, since the development of the mission until March 1970, when it was purchased by the Auckland Regional Authority to be developed into a regional park.[11] [18] [19]