2016 Berlin truck attack explained

2016 Berlin truck attack
Partof:Islamic terrorism in Europe
Coordinates:52.505°N 13.3356°W
Time:20:02 CET (UTC+01)
Type:Vehicle-ramming attack, truck hijacking, stabbing, shooting, mass murder
Location:Breitscheidplatz, Berlin, Germany
Injuries:55[1]
Fatalities:13 (12 pedestrians, original truck driver by gunshot)
Motive:Islamic terrorism and retaliation for German support of War against the Islamic State
Perp:[2]
Assailant:Anis Amri
Weapons:

On 19 December 2016, a truck was deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. One of the victims was the truck's original driver, Łukasz Urban, who was found shot dead in the passenger seat. The truck was eventually stopped by its automatic brakes.[3] The perpetrator was Anis Amri, an unsuccessful asylum seeker from Tunisia. Four days after the attack, he was killed in a shootout with police near Milan in Italy. An initial suspect was arrested and later released due to lack of evidence. Nearly five years after the attack, a man who was critically injured during the attack died from complications related to his wounds, becoming the 13th victim.[4] As of December 2023, this attack remains the worst Islamist terrorist attack by number of casualties in German history.[5]

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack and released a video of the perpetrator, Anis Amri, pledging allegiance to the terror group's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[6]

Background

The Berlin attack took place during a time of heightened Islamist terrorist activity in Europe. Several terrorist attacks in 2016, in Germany and in neighboring countries, have been linked to ISIS;[7] some of them were similar to the truck attack on the Christmas market in Berlin (e.g. the 2014 Nantes attack and the 2016 Nice truck attack, both in France).

Attack

Truck hijacking

The vehicle involved, a black Scania R 450 semi-trailer truck,[8] bore Polish number plates and belonged to a Polish delivery company, Usługi Transportowe (Transport Services) Ariel Żurawski, based in Sobiemyśl.[9] The truck was on its return leg to Poland, having started its trip in Turin, Italy, and was transporting steel beams to a Berlin warehouse[10] owned by ThyssenKrupp.[11]

The head of the delivery company, Ariel Żurawski, reported that his cousin Łukasz Robert Urban[12] had been driving the truck to Berlin, but that he could not imagine him being responsible for the attack. Żurawski's company last contacted Urban between 15:00 and 16:00, when Urban reported that he had arrived at the Berlin warehouse a day early and had to wait there overnight to unload his truck the following morning.[13] The last photo of Urban still alive was taken at a kebab shop near the ThyssenKrupp warehouse at about 14:00.

The family had been unable to contact Urban since 16:00.[14] Żurawski suspected that the truck had been hijacked based on its GPS coordinates, as well as indications that it was being driven erratically. Żurawski later identified the victim found in the truck as his cousin Urban,[15] the original driver of the semi-trailer;[16] Urban was killed by the perpetrator of the attack.[17] According to a post-mortem examination cited by the German media, Urban was shot in the head between 16:30 and 17:30.[18]

Attack on Christmas market

On 19 December 2016, at 20:10 local time,[19] the perpetrator drove the stolen truck through a Christmas market at Breitscheidplatz in the City West of Berlin, killing 11 people and injuring 56.[20] [21] The incident is the deadliest terrorist attack in Germany since an attack at Oktoberfest in Munich in 1980, which killed 13 people and injured 211 others.[22] [23] The truck came from the direction of Hardenbergstraße, drove about through the market, and destroyed several stalls[24] before turning back onto Budapester Straße and coming to a stop level with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church.[25]

Several witnesses saw the driver leave the truck and flee towards Tiergarten. One witness ran after him.[26]

Łukasz Urban was found dead in the passenger seat of the truck cab; he had been stabbed and shot[27] once in the head[28] with a small-caliber firearm.[29] Investigators initially believed that Urban might still have been alive when the truck reached Breitscheidplatz and might have been stabbed because he tried to stop the attack. Early media reports speculated that he had grabbed the steering wheel, forcing the truck to veer left and crash to a stop, and was then shot at the scene of the crash. If this had been true, this act might have saved many lives.[30] However, later media reports indicated that the truck was brought to a stop by its automatic braking system[31] and Urban was stabbed and shot hours before the attack.[32] No weapons were found at the scene.

The Christmas market reopened on 22 December. Damaged stalls were removed and memorials were set up in their stead. Concrete barriers were placed along sides facing streets.[33] [34] [35]

Victims

Twelve people died and at least forty-eight were injured throughout the attack.[36] Many of those injured sustained serious injuries and broken bones from either being hit by the truck, or by the collapse of the wooden stalls that were damaged by the truck.[37] Five years after the attack, a first responder to the attack died in 2021 due to injuries he sustained while responding to victims. It is believed that he was wounded by a beam, sustaining serious head injuries.[38] [39]

Country! scope="col"
DeathsInjuries
8Unknown[40] [41]
13[42] [43] [44]
11[45]
10[46]
10[47]
10[48] [49]
02[50]
02[51]
02[52]
01[53]
01[54]
01[55]
01[56]
Unknown042[57]
Total1356[58]

Investigation

The police and public prosecutor investigated the incident as a terrorist attack.[59] The Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, said, "We must assume this was a terrorist attack."[60] The German Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizière, described the incident as a brutal attack.[61] The U.S. Department of State had previously warned of terrorist attacks on Christmas markets in Europe after ISIL took control of Raqqa and Mosul.[62] [63] ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack shortly after the release of a Pakistani suspect who was mistakenly detained.[64] [65] [66] [67] [68]

Initial suspect

On the evening of 19 December, police arrested a suspect, believed to have driven the truck during the attack, near the Berlin Victory Column.[69] [70] He had aroused suspicion by running away from the scene of the attack out of fear that he would be considered a suspect.[71] The arrested man, initially identified only as Naved B. (later said to be Naved Baloch by the British newspaper The Guardian[72]), denied involvement and was later identified as a 23-year-old asylum seeker from Turbat, Pakistan.[73] The Berlin SEK police tactical unit stormed the hangar at the former Berlin Tempelhof Airport, which is used as a refugee camp, where the arrested man lived with six others in a room. His mobile phone was seized and analyzed. Police sources later suggested that they might have arrested "the wrong man" because the individual in custody did not carry gunshot residue or any marks that would indicate that he had been in a fight.[74] Furthermore, forensic tests did not indicate that the suspect was inside the cab of the truck.[75] Police therefore believed that the attacker might still be at large.German Public Prosecutor General Peter Frank said, "We have to get used to the idea that the man apprehended may not be the perpetrator or belong to the group of perpetrators."[76] [77] The man was released on the evening of 20 December due to lack of evidence.[78] [79]

In an interview with The Guardian on 29 December, he narrated the incident of his arrest on 19 December. According to him, after leaving a friend's house and crossing a road in central Berlin on the evening of the attack, a car started following him, after which he walked faster. When he realised that it was a police car, he stopped when they asked him to and showed his identification documents to them. He was allowed to go, but was called back seconds later and arrested. He claimed that he was tied up, blindfolded and also slapped by the police after refusing to undress for photographs. He said in the interview that he had gone into hiding, fearing for his life. The Guardian also said he had applied for asylum in Germany as a member of a secular separatist movement in Balochistan province of Pakistan.[72]

Anis Amri

On 21 December, police announced that investigators had found, under the truck's driver's seat, a suspension of deportation permit[80] belonging to Anis Amri, a man who was born in Tataouine, Tunisia, on 22 December 1992.[81] Authorities began a Europe-wide search for Amri.[82] [83] According to investigators, Amri entered Germany from Italy in 2015 and had contacts with the network of the recently arrested Salafist preacher Abu Walaa, a known ISIL recruiter in Germany.[84] Amri was sought by the Federal Criminal Police Office. Officials called for a public manhunt, issuing a recent picture, and offering a reward of €100,000, warning that Amri might be armed and dangerous. He was described as being tall, weighing approximately 75kg (165lb), with dark hair and brown eyes.[85]

Amri fled from Tunisia to escape imprisonment for stealing a truck[86] and arrived for the first time in Europe in 2011 on a refugee raft[87] at the island of Lampedusa. He lied about his age, pretending to be a minor, and was sent to the temporary migrants reception center on the island.[88] At the center, according to Italian security officials, Amri "took part in a particularly violent riot, when the center was set on fire and several people were injured" and was sentenced for it and robbery[89] to four years in prison, which he served in two jails in Sicily. Amri was released in 2015; according to Italian officials, the Tunisian authorities refused to accept his repatriation to Tunisia, and it is believed that he went to Germany around this time. Per an autopsy on his body, it was found that he frequently consumed drugs.[90] [91]

In Tunisia, Amri was sentenced in absentia to five years in prison, "reportedly for aggravated theft with violence".[92] [93] Prior to that he had been arrested several times for possession and use of drugs.[94] According to his family, he drank alcohol, took drugs and was initially not religious, but had been radicalized in Italian jails.[95] He arrived in Germany in July 2015 and applied for asylum in April 2016. He used at least 14 different aliases and posed as a citizen of Syria, Egypt or Lebanon. He reportedly had tried to recruit participants for a terrorist attack since the spring, and once tried to buy a pistol from an undercover police officer. He had been overheard by German intelligence offering to carry out a suicide attack, but the German authorities had decided not to arrest him because they deemed him a mere errand boy.[96] [97] The German CID warned in March 2016 that he was planning a suicide attack and recommended immediate deportation. However, the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia ruled that he could not be deported.[98] In Germany he was involved in a bar brawl and drug dealing; later he was involved in a knife attack over drugs in July 2016 and disappeared after police tried to question him.[99] Three weeks before the attack, Moroccan intelligence warned Germany about the terrorist attack planned by him.[100] He had started spending more time in Berlin before the attack and was being closely monitored, but showed no signs of planning a terrorist attack, according to a report submitted by the German Interior Minister to the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia. German authorities were seeking to deport him at the time of the attack, but the legal requirements had not been met because Tunisia initially denied that Amri was their citizen, although documents confirming it arrived in Germany after the attack.[97] [101]

A few minutes after the attack, a surveillance camera spotted him at Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station which is close to the Christmas market. At the station, he turned to the camera and raised a finger, a gesture commonly used by Islamists.[102] He later left Germany, travelling to the Netherlands, Belgium and France before reaching Italy.[103] On 23 December at around 03:00 CET, Amri was killed in a shootout with police in front of the railway station in Sesto San Giovanni near Milan.[104] He had just arrived by train from Chambéry, France (via Turin). During a routine patrol, two police officers asked to search his backpack after he said he did not have any identity documents. Amri pulled out a gun and shot one of the officers in the shoulder; the other officer shot Amri dead.[105] [106] [107] The Italian Minister of the Interior, Marco Minniti, stated that a policeman had been hospitalized with a shoulder injury.[108] On the same day, Amaq released a video of Amri pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL. German officials confirmed that Amri's fingerprints matched those found in the inside of the truck.[109]

On 28 December, German prosecutors said they had detained a 40-year-old Tunisian man, who they thought may have been involved in the attack. Amri had saved the number of this man in his phone.[110] Prosecutors stated the next day that he had been released after investigations revealed that he was not a suspected contact of Amri. They also confirmed that the attacker had sent a mobile phone voice message and a picture to a contact shortly before carrying out the attack.[111] The German police raided the homes of two suspected associates on 3 January 2017, including a 26-year-old Tunisian man they suspected of being in contact with Amri and knowing about the attack as well as a former flatmate of Amri.[112] The Tunisian suspect who was suspected of either planning the attack or knowing about it was detained with federal prosecutors stating that he had known Amri since the end of 2015, had met him a day before the attack and both had "very intense conversations". Amri's former flatmate was also being investigated and the attacker had tried to contact him twice on 19 December.[113] [114]

Italian police confirmed on 4 January that the gun used in the attack, a .22-caliber Erma Model EP552S pistol (Walther PPK clone), matched the one found on Amri.[115] ZDF reported on 6 January that he might have acquired the gun in Switzerland and lived there for a prolonged period of time whose length investigators were trying to determine. Swiss prosecutors meanwhile opened a case related to the attack.[116] The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland later confirmed that he had spent some time in the country while the German police were investigating whether the gun was acquired by him there. Investigators stated on 18 January that the gun was imported legally into Switzerland in 1990s, but it remained unclear what happened to it afterwards as it didn't appear in the weapons registers of cantons of Switzerland and there was no national weapons register at the time.[117] [118]

On 24 December, Tunisian authorities arrested three men suspected of terrorist links including Amri's nephew. They stated that Amri had urged his nephew to join ISIL and had sent him money to travel to Europe. Tunisian Interior Ministry stated that he had also told him that he was the emir or leader of a German jihadist group called "Abu al-Walaa brigade".[119] Another person was announced to have been arrested on 7 January in Tunisia in relation to the case. However all four were released on the next day as they weren't found to have links to the attack or any terrorist group.[120]

Italy's Interior Ministry announced on 12 March that it had deported a 37-year-old Tunisian man whose telephone number was in Amri's contact list. The ministry stated that he had been in contact with the attacker and his number was also linked to a Facebook profile supporting jihadist ideology where he connected with supporters of ISIL. It added that he was living in Latina where he associated with fellow extremists who opposed a moderate imam at a local mosque.[121] [122] In late-March, Turkey arrested more than 6 men allegedly linked to Amri.[123] [124]

Amri's friends

Six individuals including some friends of Amri's were arrested on 8 April 2018 for planning a knife attack on a sports event in Berlin.[125] The main suspect was under police surveillance. They were all released after no evidence was found that they were planning a terror attack.[126]

Defective investigation and obstruction of justice

On 17 May 2017 the Interior Ministry of Berlin stated that already in November 2016 intelligence was given that Anis Amri was involved in criminal offenses concerning drug trafficking. On this basis authorities would have been able to apprehend Amri already at the time, but they did not. An investigation was launched to find out to what extent this information was withheld by the State Criminal Police Office of Berlin after the attack happened.[127] Several days later, while the investigation for obstruction of justice was still going on, a speaker of the Interior Ministry said that manipulations of the file of Amri have been carried out by officers of the criminal investigation department after the attack.[128] On 22 May 2017 a commission of inquiry was initiated starting in July. Meanwhile, a special prosecutor was appointed to the case.[129] In addition to the ongoing investigation concerning manipulations of the file and withholding of information, national TV reported on 1 June, that officers who were ordered by an investigating judge in Berlin to observe Amri until October 2016 for criminal offenses and possible terrorist links did not do so and instead included untrue records regarding observing actions in his file.[130]

Reactions

Many world leaders offered condolences to Germany and the victims of the attack.[131]

National and international right-wing politicians and commentators blamed the attack partly on German Chancellor Angela Merkel and her policy of accepting an unlimited number of asylum seekers and migrants.[132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] Euroskeptic politicians also condemned the lack of border checks under the Schengen system for allowing the perpetrator to travel freely through several countries after the attack.[139] By contrast, several other national and international political commentators praised what they described as the cool-headed reaction of the Merkel administration.[140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] The editorial board of The New York Times wrote that it was "dangerous" to blame German refugee policy without waiting for facts about the identity of the attacker to emerge.[147]

A petition to award Urban the Bundesverdienstkreuz had gathered over 2,500 signatures by the afternoon of 22 December.[148] A donation page to support his family was set up on GoFundMe and collected more than £110,000 by 23 December by British truck driver Dave Duncan.[149] He was officially thanked by Polish Ambassador to the United Kingdom Arkady Rzegocki at a ceremony at Embassy of Poland, London on 9 January 2017.[150] Polish authorities provided funds for the delivery of Urban to his family as well as the costs of the funeral and the family of Urban received a state pension. German authorities refused to reimburse the value of the destroyed truck which belonged to a company run by Urban's cousin.[151]

Muslims and Christians in Berlin held a vigil in solidarity with the victims of the attack.[152] [153] [154] The funeral of Urban was held on 30 December at the Polish village of Banie and was attended by hundreds of people including President of Poland Andrzej Duda.[155]

The German government reformed its security rules in response to the attack. Among the proposals in the anti-terror plan were easing the deportations of rejected asylum seekers, increasing surveillance of those to be deported and those considered to be terror risks, limiting movement of some asylum seekers within Germany, using electronic tags on those deemed terror threats without a trial, lengthening the period suspects can be held in custody and limiting development aid to countries that don't cooperate in deportation processes.[156] [157] President of Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi meanwhile stated that Europe "must be calm", vowing to take responsibility for the attacks, but insisted that it was necessary to verify citizenship before accepting deportations.[158] [159] The Bundestag passed a new surveillance law on 9 March in response to the attack as well as other attacks that occurred in Germany in 2016. The law gives priority to public safety when deciding on whether to permit installation of video surveillance in some locations and makes it easier for private companies to install these systems in public places. It also voted for allowing the Federal Police to install surveillance systems for reading and registering licence plate numbers.[160]

Aftermath

In February 2017, the German Salafist mosque organisation Berliner Fussilet-Moscheeverein was banned by authorities. Amri was said to be among its visitors. In March 2017, the German Muslim community organisation Deutschsprachige Islamkreis Hildesheim was also banned after investigators found that its members were preparing to travel to the conflict zone in Syria to fight for the Islamic State. According to the Federal Agency for Civic Education, these examples show that Salafist mosques not only concern themselves with religious matters, but also prepare serious crimes and terrorist activities.[161]

In preparation for the Christmas market 2018, the Breitscheidplatz square and its surrounding were fortified against further terrorist attacks.[162] [163]

On the fourth anniversary in December 2020, a ceremony, which was attended by survivors and relatives of the victims, was held at the Breitscheidplatz to commemorate those killed in the attack. The archbishop of Berlin Heiner Koch said in his prayers that Berlin "was not the same as before".[164]

Timeline of events

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: GmbH . Süddeutsche.de . IS drängte Amri zu Anschlag auf Berliner Weihnachtsmarkt . Süddeutsche.de . 31 May 2017 . de . 2017-05-31.
  3. Web site: 2016-12-28. Automatic brakes stopped Berlin truck during Christmas market attack. 2017-10-29. DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. en.
  4. News: 26 October 2021. Berlin attack: First aider dies 5 years after Christmas market murders. BBC. October 26, 2021.
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  6. News: Prince. S.J.. 2016-12-23. WATCH: Anis Amri, 'Berlin Attacker,' Pledges Allegiance to ISIS. en-US. Heavy.com. live. 2016-12-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20161225144558/http://heavy.com/news/2016/12/anis-amri-isis-islamic-state-bayat-allegiance-pledge-video-berlin-christmas-market-attack-milan-italy/. 25 December 2016.
  7. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36882445 "Germany attacks: What is going on?"
  8. http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/terroranschlag-lkw-rast-in-weihnachtsmarkt-auf-breitscheidplatz-25341200 LKW rast in Weihnachtsmarkt auf Breitscheidplatz.
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  30. News: Ermittler: Es gab einen Kampf im Lastwagen . Tagesspiegel . 21 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111355/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/anschlag-auf-dem-breitscheidplatz-ermittler-es-gab-einen-kampf-im-lastwagen/19161150.html . 21 December 2016 . de . 21 December 2016 . dead .
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  33. http://www.euronews.com/2016/12/22/berlin-christmas-market-reopens-after-attack Berlin Christmas market reopens after attack
  34. http://www.dw.com/en/attack-hit-berlin-christmas-market-reopens/a-36872230 Attack-hit Berlin Christmas market reopens
  35. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/12/22/berlin-attack-christmas-market-reopens/95756696/ Days after attack, Berlin opens Christmas market
  36. News: 2016-12-22. Berlin attack: Who were the victims?. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-10-26.
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  38. Web site: 2021-10-26. First aider dies of injuries five years after Christmas market attack. 2021-10-26. euronews. en.
  39. News: 2021-10-26. Berlin attack: First aider dies 5 years after Christmas market murders. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-10-26.
  40. News: Berlin attack: First aider dies 5 years after Christmas market murders. BBC. 26 October 2021.
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  52. Web site: 2 Americans confirmed to be injured in Berlin attack . 22 December 2016 . Wkyt.com . 2016-12-22.
  53. Web site: Embassy: Finn injured in Berlin attack. www.yle.fi. 22 December 2016. Yleisradio. The Finnish Embassy in Berlin says that a Finnish national is among those hurt in Monday's terror attack..
  54. Web site: One Hungarian injured in Berlin terrorist attack – Daily News Hungary. 22 December 2016. dailynewshungary.com. 23 December 2016.
  55. Web site: France/Monde | Attentat de Berlin : une Française parmi les blessés . Ledauphine.com . 1970-06-11 . 2016-12-22.
  56. Web site: Lebanese wounded in Berlin Christmas market attack. mtv.com.lb. mtv Lebanon. Lebanon's Embassy in Germany informed the government that a Lebanese man identified as Mohammad Hassan Wehbeh was wounded in the attack on a Christmas market in Berlin.. 20 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092442/http://mtv.com.lb/en/News/661870. 21 December 2016. live.
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  58. Web site: Weiterhin 26 Anschlagsopfer im Krankenhaus. .rbb-online.de.
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  60. News: 20 December 2016. Merkel on Berlin Xmas Market Tragedy: 'We must assume this was a terrorist attack'. Deutsche Welle. 20 December 2016.
  61. News: 20 December 2016. Todesfahrt von Berlin: De Maizière: "Kein Zweifel mehr an Anschlag". de. Deadly Drive in Berlin: De Maizière: 'No Doubt Any More About Attack'. faz.net. .
  62. Web site: Sanchez. Raf. 22 November 2016. US warns of 'heightened' risk of terror attacks on Christmas markets in Europe as Isil loses grip on Mosul and Raqqa. 20 December 2016. The Telegraph.
  63. Web site: 9 September 2016. Europe Travel Alert. 20 December 2016. travel.state.gov. Bureau of Consular Affairs, US State Department.
  64. Web site: 23 December 2016. Berlin attacker filmed video pledge to IS. 23 December 2016. Sky News.
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  72. News: 29 December 2016. Man wrongly arrested over Berlin attack says he fears for his life. The Guardian. 29 December 2016.
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  79. News: 20 December 2016. Berlin market attack suspect released. BBC News.
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  81. News: 22 December 2016. Anis Amri, Suspect in the Berlin Truck Attack: What We Know. The New York Times . en. Smale . Alison . Pianigiani . Gaia . Gall . Carlotta .
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  86. News: 15 January 2017. Police memo on Berlin truck attacker published in German media. Deustche Welle. 19 January 2017.
  87. News: 22 December 2016. Chi è Anis Amri, il sospettato della strage di Berlino arrivato a Lampedusa su un barcone. it. La Voce del Trentino. 22 December 2016.
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  89. Web site: Berlin suspect Anis Amri 'radicalized in Italy jail:' Father. rawstory.com. 22 December 2016. 12 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181012145836/https://www.rawstory.com/2016/12/berlin-suspect-anis-amri-radicalized-in-italy-jail-father/. dead.
  90. News: May Bulman. Autopsy on Berlin attacker Anis Amri shows frequent drug use including cocaine and hashish. The Independent. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-attacker-anis-amri-drug-use-post-mortem-autopsy-isis-inspired-christmas-market-a7611936.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live.
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  92. News: 21 December 2016. Suspect in Deadly Berlin Attack Is Latest Tunisian Jihadi. Bloomberg.com. 23 December 2016. www.bloomberg.com.
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  95. News: 22 December 2016. Berlin attack suspect emerged from jail with 'totally different mentality'. 22 December 2016. Reuters.
  96. News: Berlin terror attack: dashcam video shows truck speeding into Christmas market. telegraph.co.uk.
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  98. News: Justin Huggler. 26 March 2017. German police warned Anis Amri was planning a suicide attack nine months before Berlin Christmas market massacre. 30 March 2017. The Telegraph.
  99. Web site: Connolly. Kate. 21 December 2016. market attack Berlin attack suspect Anis Amri had been on watchlist since January. 21 December 2016. The Guardian.
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  101. News: (now). Haroon Siddique. (earlier). Matthew Weaver. 21 December 2016. Berlin attack: Germany issues European arrest warrant for new suspect – as it happened. The Guardian. 8 January 2017.
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  103. News: Dearden. Lizzie. 4 January 2016. Berlin Christmas market attack: Tunisian man who dined with Anis Amri on eve of massacre arrested as probe continues. The Independent. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-christmas-market-lorry-attack-isis-anis-amri-tunisian-man-arrested-accomplice-investigation-a7510306.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live.
  104. News: 29 December 2016. Hundreds attend funeral of Polish driver killed in Berlin terror attack. The Telegraph. 29 December 2016.
  105. News: ISIS-linked news agency releases video of Berlin attacker swearing allegiance to the radical group. washingtonpost.com. 23 December 2016.
  106. News: Bonini. Carlo. Pisa. Massimo. L'attentatore di Berlino Anis Amri ucciso a Sesto: ha urlato "Allah Akbar". it. repubblica.it. 23 December 2016.
  107. Web site: 23 December 2016. Berlin attack suspect Anis Amri killed in Milan. 23 December 2016. BBC.
  108. News: Bremer. Jörg. Ripperger. und Anna-Lena. Innenminister bestätigt: Amri in Italien erschossen. de. Faz.net. 2016-12-23.
  109. Web site: 23 December 2016. Fingerprints in truck indicate Berlin massacre suspect was behind wheel. 23 December 2016. The Japan Times.
  110. News: 28 December 2016. Berlin attack: Tunisian man arrested in connection with Christmas market tragedy. The Independent. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-attack-latest-tunisian-man-arrested-christmas-market-anis-amri-a7498811.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live. 30 December 2016.
  111. Web site: 29 December 2016. Tunisian suspect in Berlin truck attack freed: prosecutors. 1 January 2017. The Local.
  112. Web site: 3 January 2017. Police raid Berlin homes linked to market attacker Anis Amri. 4 January 2017. Agence France-Presse. Deutsche Welle.
  113. Web site: 4 January 2017. Berlin truck attack: Man held who had dinner with killer Amri. 5 January 2017. BBC. Deutsche Welle.
  114. Web site: 6 January 2017. Police delve into Berlin attack suspect's potential Swiss links. 7 January 2017. Deutsche-Welle.
  115. News: Fuller. George. 4 January 2017. Gun used in Berlin Christmas attack matches one found on Anis Amri. The Telegraph. 7 January 2017.
  116. News: 6 January 2017. Report reveals Berlin attacker's links to Switzerland. Independent Online. 7 January 2017.
  117. Web site: 18 January 2017. Gun used by Berlin attacker imported to Switzerland in 1990s. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170120040758/http://www.whig.com/article/20170118/AP/301189807. 20 January 2017. 20 January 2017. The Associated Press. Herald-Whig.
  118. Web site: 18 January 2017. Gun used by Berlin attacker imported to Switzerland in 1990s. 26 January 2017. The Associated Press. Fox News.
  119. News: 24 December 2016. Berlin market attack: Anis Amri's nephew arrested in Tunisia. The Guardian. 11 January 2017.
  120. Web site: 8 January 2017. Suspects arrested in Tunisia not linked to Berlin attack. 11 January 2017. The Local.
  121. Web site: 13 March 2017. Italy deports Tunisian with links to Berlin market attacker Anis Amri. 13 March 2017. Deutsche-Welle.
  122. Web site: 13 March 2017. Italy deports terror suspect linked to Berlin attacker. 13 March 2017. The Local.
  123. Web site: 20 March 2017. Turkey: 3 suspects held over links to Berlin attack. 23 March 2017. Anadolu Agency.
  124. Web site: 20 March 2017. Turkish court holds 2 suspects in Berlin truck attack. 23 March 2017. Yeni Şafak.
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  126. German Police Forced to Release Men Suspected of Plotting Attack on Berlin Marathon. dead. Time. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411001712/http://time.com/5233173/germany-berlin-marathon-terror-plot/. 11 April 2018. 2018-04-25.
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  131. News: How World Leaders Reacted to the Berlin Attack. Gidda. Mirren. 20 December 2016. Newsweek. 21 December 2016.
  132. Web site: Germany's Angela Merkel says no numbers limits to right to asylum. 2015-09-05 . Irish Independent . 2016-05-01.
  133. "Czech finance minister says 'no place' for migrants in Europe". Reuters. 20 December 2016.
  134. Web site: Joffe . Josef . After Berlin, Angela Merkel's open door to migrants might slam shut . the Guardian . 20 December 2016. 21 December 2016.
  135. News: German MP blames Angela Merkel for suspected terror attack in Berlin . . 19 December 2016. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-attack-angela-merkel-german-mp-blames-chancellor-for-lorry-deaths-latest-a7485486.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live . 21 December 2016.
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  143. News: The Berlin attack calls for strength and calm. German lives and values are under attack. Protect them both. Financial Times. 20 December 2016. FT.com.
  144. Web site: Trump criticised for response to Berlin attack and compared unfavourably with Obama. Harriet. Sinclair. 20 December 2016. .ibtimes.co.uk.
  145. News: Angela Merkel should not be blamed for the massacre at the Berlin Christmas market. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/angela-merkel-berlin-christmas-market-afd-far-right-populism-refugees-a7486426.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live. 20 December 2016. independent.co.uk.
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  147. News: A Cruel Test for Germany, and Europe. 21 December 2016. The New York Times.
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  149. News: Berlin attack: Crowdfunding appeal for murdered Polish driver passes £110,000 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-attack-polish-truck-driver-murdered-chistmas-market-crowdfund-appeal-family-passes-a7492791.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live . . 23 December 2016 . 4 January 2017.
  150. News: Berlin attack: Fundraising trucker thanked by Poland . BBC News . 9 January 2016 . 14 January 2017.
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  153. News: Berlin lorry attack: Muslim community holds vigil for victims . . 21 December 2016 . 22 December 2016.
  154. News: Berlin's Muslim community sends message of peace and solidarity after Christmas market attack . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/berlin-attack-muslim-community-germany-message-peace-solidarity-christmas-market-a7488571.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live . . 21 December 2016 . 22 December 2016.
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  156. News: Merkel Coalition Agrees on Anti-Terror Plan After Berlin Attack . Bloomberg . . 10 January 2017 . 11 January 2017.
  157. News: Terror suspects could be forced to wear electronic tags under radical proposal from German justice minister . The Telegraph . 9 January 2017 . 11 January 2017. Huggler . Justin .
  158. News: Tunisia vows to 'take responsibility' after Berlin attack . . 12 January 2017 . 14 January 2017.
  159. News: Tunis vows to 'assume responsibility' after Berlin attack . South China Morning Post. 12 January 2017 . 14 January 2017.
  160. News: German Bundestag greenlights further surveillance measures . Deutsche Welle . 9 March 2017 . 13 March 2017.
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  165. Web site: Germany Orders Manhunt for Tunisian Suspect . 21 December 2016 . Spiegel Online GmbH . 26 December 2016 .
  166. News: Berlin truck attack: Tunisian 'linked to Anis Amri' held. 2016-12-28. BBC News. en-GB. 2016-12-28.
  167. News: Fingerprints in Berlin truck match those of suspect Anis Amri. The Guardian. 22 December 2016. 30 December 2016.
  168. Louise Burke Patrick Sawer, Josephine McKenna in Milan, Louise Osborne in Berlin (23 December 2016). Berlin attack suspect 'pledged allegiance to Isil', as questions raised over how he travelled 1,000 miles across Europe before he was shot dead by police in Milan – The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
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