Vietnamese đồng explained

Đồng
Local Name:	Đồng Việt Nam
Local Name Lang:	vi
Image 1:	File:100kVND note.jpg
Image Title 1:	The 100,000 VND banknote, first issued in 2004
Iso Code:	VND
Iso Comment:	1989 - 1990:
Inflation Rate:	2.7% (2019)^[1]
Subunit Name 1:	hào
Subunit Name 2:	xu
Subunit Inline Note 2:	both subunits are obsolete due to inflation and have been unused in Vietnam for several decades
Superunit Ratio 1:	1000
Rarely Used Coins:	200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000 đồng
Superunit Name 1:	nghìn (thousand)
Superunit Name 2:	triệu (million)
Superunit Name 3:	tỷ (billion)
No Plural:	Y
Symbol:	₫/đ
Frequently Used Banknotes:	1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000 đồng
Issuing Authority:	State Bank of Vietnam

The dong (Vietnamese: đồng) (; pronounced as /vi/; sign: ₫ or informally đ in Vietnamese;^[2] code: VND) has been the currency of Vietnam since 3 May 1978.^{[3] [4]} It is issued by the State Bank of Vietnam.^[5] The dong was also the currency of the predecessor states of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, having replaced the previously used French Indochinese piastre.^{[6] [7]}

Formerly, it was subdivided into 10 hao (hào), which were further subdivided into 10 xu, neither of which are now used due to inflation. The Vietnamese dong has increasingly moved towards exclusively using banknotes, with lower denominations printed on paper and denominations over 10,000 dong, worth about 40¢ dollar or euro, printed on polymer. As of 2022, no coins are used. Generally, Vietnam is moving towards digital payments.^{[8] [9] [10]} The 500,000-dong note (VND) is the highest-denomination banknote in circulation in Vietnam. The note is dark blue in color and has been in circulation since 2003.^{[11] [12] [13] [14]}

As of August 2024, the Vietnamese dong is the third-lowest valued currency unit (behind the Iranian rial and the Lebanese pound), with one United States dollar equaling 25,135 dong.^[15]

History

French Indochina

See main article: French Indochinese piastre.

The piastre (known in Vietnam as "silver"), was the currency of French Indochina between 1885 and 1952.

North Vietnam

See main article: North Vietnamese dong.

In 1946, the Viet Minh government (later to become the government of North Vietnam) introduced its own currency, the dong, to replace the French Indochinese piastre at par. Two revaluations followed, in 1951 and 1959; the first was at a rate of 100:1, the second at a rate of 1,000:1.

South Vietnam

See main article: South Vietnamese dong.

Notes dually denominated in piastres and dong were issued in 1953 for the State of Vietnam, which evolved into South Vietnam in 1954. On 22 September 1975, after the fall of Saigon, the currency in South Vietnam was changed to a "liberation dong" worth 500 old Southern dong.

United Vietnam and inflation

After Vietnam was reunified, the dong was also unified on 3 May 1978. One new dong equalled one Northern dong or 0.8 Southern "liberation" dong.

On 14 September 1985, the dong was revalued again, with one new dong worth 10 old dong. At that time, Vietnamese economists believed that revaluing the currency would increase its value, but it turned out to have the opposite effect: savings of many people were wiped out, the currency experienced unprecedentedly heavy inflation that peaked at 700% in September 1986 and prices skyrocketed. For example, in 1986, the price of agricultural products increased by 2000% compared to ten years before. Aiming to solve this problem, the government banned all forms of non-state-owned internal trade, which they believed to be capitalistic, resulting in an economic crisis so severe that Tố Hữu referred to it as a "vertical downturn". Despite the inflation rates having stabilised as part of the Đổi Mới reforms, especially during the 1990s and early 2000s, the effects of the crisis still last in the value of the dong, one of the lowest in the world today.^[16]

Coins

First dong

In 1978, aluminium coins dated 1976 were introduced in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 hao, as well as 1 dong. The coins were minted by the Berlin Mint in the German Democratic Republic and bear the state crest on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. Due to the chronic inflation experienced by Vietnam during the 1980s and 1990s, these coins lost all their relevant value and no coins were circulated for many years after this series.

1976 Series

Image	Value	Technical parameters				Description			Date of
		Diameter	Thickness	Mass	Composition	Edge	Obverse	Reverse	First minting	Issue	Issue suspended	Withdrawal
	1 hao	Unknown			Aluminum	Reeded	Coat of arms	Denomination	1976	May 2, 1978	September 14, 1985
	2 hao
	5 hao
	1 dong

Second dong

Commemorative issues

Commemorative coins in copper, brass, copper-nickel, silver, and gold have been issued since 1986, but none of these have ever been used in circulation.

2003 issue

The State Bank of Vietnam resumed issuing coins on December 17, 2003. The new coins, minted by the Mint of Finland, were in denominations of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong in either nickel-clad steel or brass-clad steel. Prior to its reintroduction, Vietnamese consumers had to exchange banknotes for tokens with a clerk before purchasing goods from vending machines. This was also to help the state ease the cost of producing large quantities of small denomination banknotes, which tended to wear easily. Many residents expressed excitement at seeing coins reappear after many years, as well as concern for the limited usefulness of the 200 dong coins due to ongoing inflationary pressures.

Since the launch of the 2003 coin series, the State Bank has had some difficulties with making the acceptance of coins universal despite the partial discontinuation of smaller notes, to the point of some banks refusing coin cash deposits or the cashing in of large numbers of coins. This has prompted laws requiring private and municipal banks to transact and offer services for coins and the full discontinuation of small denomination and cotton-based notes. Also, the coins did not gain popularity from the Vietnamese people.^[17] Eventually, State Bank of Vietnam withdrew its distribution in April 2011.^{[18] [19]}

2003 Series

Image	Value	Technical parameters				Description			Date of
		Diameter	Thickness	Mass	Composition	Edge	Obverse	Reverse	first minting	issue	Issue suspended	Withdrawal
^[20] ^[21]	200 dong	20 mm	1.45 mm	3.2 g	Nickel-plated steel	Plain	Coat of arms	Denomination	2003	December 17, 2003	April 2011	Very rare, partly withdrawn out of circulation
	500 dong	22 mm	1.75 mm	4.5 g	Nickel-plated steel	Segmented (3 groups)				April 1, 2004
^[22] ^[23]	1,000 dong	19 mm	1.95 mm	3.8 g	Brass-plated steel	Reeded	Coat of arms	Water Temple, Đô Temple	2003	December 17, 2003	April 2011	Very rare, partly withdrawn out of circulation
^[24] ^[25]	2,000 dong	23.5 mm	1.8 mm	5.1 g	Brass-plated steel	Segmented (6 groups)		Highland Stilt house in Tay Nguyen		April 1, 2004
	5,000 dong	25.5 mm	2.2 mm	7.7 g	Brass (Cu92Al6Ni2)	Micro-scalloped		Một Cột Pagoda (One Pillar Pagoda)		December 17, 2003

Banknotes

First dong

In 1978, the State Bank of Vietnam (Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam) introduced notes in denominations of 5 hao, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 dong dated 1976. In 1980, 2 and 10 dong notes were added, followed by 30 and 100 dong notes in 1981. These notes were discontinued in 1985 as they gradually lost value due to inflation and economic instability.

First dong (1978-1981)

Image	Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of
				Obverse	Reverse	printing	issue	Issue suspended	withdrawal
	5 hao	107 × 53 mm	Purple-Brown	Coat of Arms	Coconut palm	1976	2 May 1978	September 14, 1985
	1 dong	115 × 57 mm	Brown		Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Corporation
	2 dong	115 × 58 mm	Purple		River Scene	1980	1980
	5 dong	123 × 61 mm	Green		Fishery	1976	2 May 1978
	10 dong	131 × 63 mm	Purple-Blue		Elephant, logging
		131 × 65 mm	Purple		Ho Chi Minh house	1980	1980
	20 dong	141 × 70 mm	Blue	Ho Chi Minh	Tractors, hydroelectric dam	1976	2 May 1978
	30 dong	143 × 71 mm	Red-Brown		Freighters; "Dragon's House" (Nha Rong), Ho Chi Minh museum, Saigon	1981	1981
	50 dong	151 × 75 mm	Red		Hong Gai open pit mining	1976	2 May 1978
	100 dong	158 × 80 mm	Brown-Yellow		Ha Long Bay	1980	1980

Second dong

In 1985, notes were introduced in denominations of 5 hao, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, and 500 dong. As inflation became endemic, these first banknotes were followed by 200, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong notes in 1987, by 10,000 and 50,000 dong notes in 1990, by a 20,000 dong note in 1991, a 100,000 dong note in 1994, a 500,000 dong note in 2003, and a 200,000 dong note in 2006. Banknotes with denominations of 5,000 dong and under have been discontinued from production, but as of 2015 are still in wide circulation.^[26]

Five banknote series have appeared. Except for the current series, dated 2003, all were confusing to the user, lacking unified themes and coordination in their designs. The first table below shows the latest banknotes, of 100 dong or higher, prior to the current series.On 7 June 2007, the government ordered cessation of the issuance of the cotton 50,000 and 100,000 dong notes. They were taken out of circulation by 1 September 2007. State Bank of Vietnam 10,000 and 20,000 dong cotton notes are no longer in circulation as of 1 January 2013.^[27]

Second dong (1985)

Image	Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of
				Obverse	Reverse	printing	issue	issue suspended	withdrawal
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	5 hao	100 × 50 mm	Pink	Flag Tower of Hanoi	Denomination	1985	14 September 1985	Unknown
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	1 dong	114 × 57 mm	Blue-Green		Hòn Phụ Tử (Father and Son islet)
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	2 dong	110 × 56 mm	Purple		Boats
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	5 dong	128 × 64 mm	Green		Boats in Hue
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	10 dong		Red		Ngoc Son Temple
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	20 dong		Purple	Ho Chi Minh	One Pillar pagoda
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	30 dong	150 × 75 mm	Blue		Ben Thanh Market
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	50 dong		Green		Thac Ba hydro power plant
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->		149 × 75 mm	Pink		Thang Long bridge		1987
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	100 dong	158 × 78 mm	Brown		Rice planting		14 September 1985
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	500 dong		Red		Bim Son cement plant

Third dong

Third dong (1987-2000)

Image	Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of
				Obverse	Reverse	printing	issue	issue suspended	withdrawal
	100 đồng	120 × 60 mm	Green	Coat of Arms	Phổ Minh Temple	1991	2 May 1992	1994	Current, but rarely use
	200 dong	130 × 65 mm	Orange	Ho Chi Minh	Agricultural production	1987	30 September 1987	2015
	500 dong		Pink		Port Haiphong^[28]	1988	15 August 1989
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	1,000 dong	134 × 65 mm		Brown-Green	Coal Mining	1987	2 March 1988	20 October 1989
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	2,000 dong			Brown-Pink	Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Corporation
	1,000 dong	Green			Lumber productions	1988	20 October 1989	2015	Current
	2,000 dong	Pink			Textile factory
<	-- Deleted image removed: -->	5,000 dong			Blue	Offshore platform	1987	2 March 1988	15 January 1993
	Trị An hydropower plant					1991	15 January 1993	2015	Current
	10,000 dong	140 × 68 mm	Red		Hạ Long Bay	1990	2 May 1992	1994	1 January 2013
						1993	15 October 1994	2006
	20,000 dong		Blue		Canned food factory	1991	2 March 1993
	50,000 dong		Green		Nhà Rồng Port	1990		1994	1 September 2007
						1994	15 October 1994	2003
	100,000 dong	145 × 71 mm	Brown		Ho Chi Minh's ethnic house		1 September 2000	2004

The one-hundred-dong bill technically remains in circulation, however due to its low value (roughly $0.004 USD) it is rarely ever used for transactions. The bill is largely seen as a collectible or an oddity, with it often selling for many times its original face value.^{[29] [30]}

In 2003 Vietnam began replacing its cotton banknotes with plastic polymer banknotes, claiming that this would reduce the cost of printing. Many newspapers in the country criticized these changes, citing mistakes in printing and alleging that the son of the governor of the State Bank of Vietnam benefited from printing contracts. The government clamped down on these criticisms by banning two newspapers from publishing for a month and considering other sanctions against other newspapers.Even though the 2003 series banknotes listed in the table below have now completely replaced the old notes of the same denominations, as of 2019 the cotton fibre banknotes of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dong still remain in wide circulation and are universally accepted.

2003 Polymer Series^[31]

Image		Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	printing	issue	issue suspended	Withdrawal
		10,000 dong	132 × 60 mm	Yellow	Ho Chi Minh	Bạch Hổ oil field	The first two digits of the serial number give the last two digits of the year of issue.	30 August 2006	Current
		20,000 dong	136 × 65 mm	Blue		Covered bridge in Hội An		17 May 2006
		50,000 dong	140 × 65 mm	Pink		Huế		17 December 2003
		100,000 dong	144 × 65 mm	Green		Temple of Literature		1 September 2004
		200,000 dong	148 × 65 mm	Red		Hạ Long Bay		30 August 2006
		500,000 dong	152 × 65 mm	Cyan		Ho Chi Minh's birthplace in Kim Liên		17 December 2003

A commemorative polymer 50 dong banknote dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the State Bank of Vietnam was issued in 2001, but its face value is so tiny that it clearly was meant only for collectors. The note is available in three forms, by itself, in a presentation folder or in a presentation folder in an envelope. In 2016, a 100 dong banknote was issued on cotton-based paper to commemorate the 65th anniversary of central banking.

Commemorative notes

Image	Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Materials	Description		Date of
					Obverse	Reverse	printing	issue
	50 dong	165 × 82 mm	Pink	Polymer	Ho Chi Minh	State Bank of Vietnam	2001	May 2001
	100 dong	163 × 82 mm	Red	Paper			2016	6 May 2016

Bearer's checks 1992–2002

To support the growing industrial need for large money transactions, the State Bank issued "Bearer's Checks" or "State Bank Settlement Checks" (Ngân Phiếu Thanh Toán) in denominations from 100,000 to 5,000,000 dong.^[32] To prevent counterfeiting, these notes had many degrees of protection, their designs were changed every five to six months, and they had expiration dates five or six months after the date of issue. The checks worked until the banking system was upgraded to handle electronic transfers of large amounts of đồng, making most large cash transactions unnecessary.

Currency devaluation

In November 2009, the Vietnamese government decided to devalue the Vietnamese dong by 5% and at the same time raise interest rates to 8%. This was seen as a move that could destabilize the financial markets in Asia, as economies in the region were competing for an advantage over the European and American markets.^[33]

February 11, 2010, The State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) adjusted the interbank exchange rate between the Vietnamese dong (VND) and the US dollar (USD) to 18,544 VND/USD, a devaluation of 3.25% from the previous rate of 17,941 VND/USD.^[34] August 17, 2010, The SBV further devalued the VND by 2.04% to 18,932 VND/USD, an increase of 388 dong from the previous rate.^[35]

On February 11, 2011, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) announced a decision to increase the interbank exchange rate between USD and VND from 18,932 VND to 20,693 VND (a 9.3% increase).^{[36] [37] [38] [39]} Along with that, the SBV also narrowed the applicable range for the exchange rates of commercial banks from ±3% to ±1%.^[40] However, by February 19, 2011, the USD exchange rate on the black market was 22,300 VND.

Exchange rate

After the revaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar on 1 August 2006,^[41] the dong became the least valued currency unit for months. Around 21 March 2007, the revalued Zimbabwean dollar regained least valued currency status (in terms of black market exchange rate), and on 7 September 2007 in terms of official exchange rate. After the use of the Zimbabwean dollar ceased on 12 April 2009,^[42] the dong was the second least valued currency unit after the Iranian rial as of 28 November 2014. Since 19 June 2014, the Vietnamese dong has been devalued a total of five times in an effort to help spur exports and to ensure the stability of the currency.^[43]

Year	USD Exchange rate
1960	97
1970	410
1980	2,050
1990	6,500
2000	14,428
2010	19,495
2020	23,173
2022	22,862
2024	25,287
August 2024	25,135
Sources: tradingeconomics.com, imf.org

See also

• Economy of Vietnam
• Vietnamese cash
• VND Index

External links

• Coins and Banknotes of Vietnam and French Indochina
• The ultimate guide to Vietnamese currency - Scooter Saigon Tours

Notes and References

1. Web site: Vietnam and the IMF. 16 April 2020. 26 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200426120423/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM. live.
2. The State Bank of Vietnam suggests other languages use the ISO code Web site: SBV - Tasks and Mandates of SBV . 2022-09-09 . 9 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220909143734/https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/en/home/sbv/bac/tamosbv?_afrLoop=64647645848599234#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D64647645848599234%26centerWidth%3D80%2525%26leftWidth%3D20%2525%26rightWidth%3D0%2525%26showFooter%3Dfalse%26showHeader%3Dfalse%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Df3jb1hwbs_103 . live .
3. Book: World Currency Yearbook . 1990 . International Currency Analysis, Incorporated . 978-0-9648104-0-2 . en . 26 December 2023 . 4 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104063012/https://books.google.com/books?id=x1ESAQAAMAAJ&q=VND+3+May+1978. . live .
4. Book: Kinh tế Việt Nam 1955-2000: tính toán mới, phân tích mới . 2000 . Nhà xuất bản Thống Kê . vi . 26 December 2023 . 4 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104062957/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqzsAAAAMAAJ&q=VND+3+th%C3%A1ng+5+n%C4%83m+1978. . live .
5. Web site: TIỀN ĐANG LƯU HÀNH . 2023-12-21 . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053733/https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/vi/menu/trangchu/pht/dtvn/tdlh?_afrLoop=39126466391830466#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D39126466391830466%26centerWidth%3D80%2525%26leftWidth%3D20%2525%26rightWidth%3D0%2525%26showFooter%3Dfalse%26showHeader%3Dfalse%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Deac1zmkof_4 . live .
6. Web site: History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 2023-12-21 . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306193754/https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Vietnam/Vietnam_1947-1954.pdf . live .
7. Web site: Tiền và hoạt động tiền tệ tại Việt Nam trước năm 1945 . 2023-12-21 . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053734/https://journalofscience.ou.edu.vn/index.php/econ-vi/article/download/1140/923 . live .
8. Web site: Hàng . Thời Báo Ngân . 2021-04-28 . Lịch sử đồng tiền Việt Nam - Quá trình hình thành và phát triển . 2023-12-21 . Thời Báo Ngân Hàng . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221100820/https://thoibaonganhang.vn/lich-su-dong-tien-viet-nam-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-114031.html . live .
9. Web site: VTV . BAO DIEN TU . 2021-05-04 . Lịch sử đồng tiền Việt Nam . 2023-12-21 . BAO DIEN TU VTV . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053731/https://vtv.vn/news-20210504205442487.htm . live .
10. Web site: Khánh . Vĩnh . 2022-06-12 . Tiền tệ Việt Nam thời Pháp thuộc . 2023-12-21 . Báo Kinh tế đô thị - Đọc tin tức thời sự kinh tế 24h mới nhất . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053731/https://kinhtedothi.vn/tien-te-viet-nam-thoi-phap-thuoc.html . live .
11. Web site: NLD.COM.VN . 17-12, phát hành tiền giấy 500.000 đồng và 50.000 đồng mới . 2023-12-21 . Báo Người Lao Động Online . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053730/https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong-nuoc/17-12--phat-hanh-tien-giay-500000-dong-va-50000-dong-moi-72832.htm . live .
12. Web site: VnExpress . Việt Nam sắp có tiền nhựa và tiền xu . 2023-12-21 . vnexpress.net . vi . 24 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220924220305/https://vnexpress.net/viet-nam-sap-co-tien-nhua-va-tien-xu-2675365.html . live .
13. Web site: Nam . Nguyen . Tỷ giá euro . 2023-12-21 . Chợ Giá - Giá Mới Mỗi Ngày . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053731/https://chogia.vn/ngoai-te/eur/ . live .
14. Web site: ONLINE . TUOI TRE . 2003-11-27 . Từ 17-12-2003: VN có thêm 5 loại tiền mặt mới . 2023-12-21 . TUOI TRE ONLINE . vi . 3 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603163231/https://tuoitre.vn/tu-17-12-2003-vn-co-them-5-loai-tien-mat-moi-10568.htm . live .
15. Web site: VietnamFinance . 2016-05-02 . Bản đồ tiền tệ: giá trị Việt Nam đồng thấp thứ 2 thế giới . 2023-12-21 . VietnamFinance . vi . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221053730/https://vietnamfinance.vn/ban-do-tien-te-gia-tri-tien-viet-thap-thu-2-the-gioi-20160428235738083.htm . live .
16. Book: Ronald J. . Cima . 1989 . December 1987 . Vietnam : A Country Study . . 101 Independence Ave, SE Washington, DC 20540 . 179 . Area Handbook Series . 2014-01-07 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414052400/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/vi/vietnamcountryst00cima_0/vietnamcountryst00cima_0.pdf . live . The ill-conceived monetary-reform plan introduced in late 1985 set in motion unprecedented inflation. Hanoi replaced the old D10 note with a new Dl note and devalued the dong's foreign exchange rate from Dl .20 to US$1 to D15 to US$1. A leak about the planned currency change and the unavailability of new notes of small denominations, however, defeated the goal of contracting the money supply by eliminating illegal cash holdings. As a result, inflation increased from about 50 percent in late 1985 to 700 percent by September 1986. ... To curb inflation, the government directed its efforts at lowering prices by imposing state regulations. Price subsidies were reintroduced, and, in the face of widespread shortages and hoarding, the rationing of essential goods also was reinstituted. .
17. Web site: Tại sao tiền xu không được ưa chuộng?. Vietstock. 2013-05-12. 13 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193728/https://vietstock.vn/2013/12/tai-sao-tien-xu-khong-duoc-ua-chuong-757-324037.htm. live.
18. Web site: Nên thu hồi tiền xu khi giá trị thanh toán không còn. 27 December 2012. Người Đưa Tin. 2012-12-27. 23 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143436/http://www.nguoiduatin.vn/nen-thu-hoi-tien-xu-khi-gia-tri-thanh-toan-khong-con-a47915.html. live.
19. https://art-hanoi.com/coins/vietnam/vietnam-coins-2003#d500 Vietnam Coins 2003
20. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-20003-o. art-hanoi.com. 2014-04-03. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102033236/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-20003-o.jpg. live.
21. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-20003-r. art-hanoi.com. 2014-01-25. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102034249/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-20003-r.jpg. live.
22. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-1k03-o. art-hanoi.com. 2014-04-03. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102033129/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-1k03-o.jpg. live.
23. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-1k03-r. art-hanoi.com. 2014-01-25. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102034329/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-1k03-r.jpg. live.
24. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-2k03-o. art-hanoi.com. 2014-04-03. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102034614/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-2k03-o.jpg. live.
25. Web site: collection/vncoins/vn-2k03-r. art-hanoi.com. 2014-01-25. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102033302/http://art-hanoi.com/collection/vncoins/vn-2k03-r.jpg. live.
26. Web site: 500,000 Vietnamese Dong: The Story of a Historic Banknote . www.banknoteworld.com . en . 2017-03-24 . 25 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201801/https://www.banknoteworld.com/shop/blog/500000-vietnamese-dong-the-story-of-a-historic-banknote/ . dead .
27. Web site: Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. . 2023-03-31.
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