Acharya Explained

In Indian religions and society, an acharya (Sanskrit: आचार्य, IAST: ; Pali: ācariya) is a religious teacher in Hinduism and Buddhism and a spiritual guide to Hindus and Buddhists.^{[1] [2]} The designation has different meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism and secular contexts.

Acharya is sometimes used to address an expert teacher or a scholar in any discipline, e.g.: Bhaskaracharya, the expert mathematician.

Etymology

The Sanskrit phrase ācāraṁ grahāyati ācāraṁ dadāti iti vā means Acharya (or teacher) is the one who teaches good conduct to one's students.^{[3] [4]} A female teacher is called an achāryā, and a male teacher's wife is called an achāryāni ^[5]

In Hinduism

The term 'Acharya' has numerous definitions. Hinduism frequently uses the terms "acharya" and "guru" interchangeably. According to the Dharma Shastras, acharya is the one who imparts knowledge of the entire Veda to a student and performs upanayana sanskar.

According to Nirukta, an ancillary discipline associated with the Vedas, an acharya is an individual who imparts knowledge to a student, collects wealth from the student, and helps pupils understand behaviour based on moral norms.

According to Manusmriti, the individual who, having initiated a pupil, teaches him the Veda along with the ritualistic and esoteric treatises—him they call, ‘Ācārya,’ ‘Preceptor’—(140)^[6]

Other authors' definitions:

• Gautama-Dharmasūtra, 1.10-11. — ‘The Upanayana is the second birth. He from whom this is received is the Ācārya.’
• Āpastamba-Dharmasūtra, 1.2.24-27.—‘He from whom one gathers (learns, ācinoti) his duties is the Ācārya; he brings about the essence of knowledge; this constitutes the highest birth.’
• Vaśiṣṭha-smṛti, 3. 24.—‘He who, having initiated him, teaches him the entire Veda is the Ācārya.’
• Viṣṇu-smṛti, 29.1.—‘He who, having initiated the pupil and taught him the observances, teaches him the Veda, should be known as the Ācārya.’
• Yājñavalkya-smṛti, 1.34.—‘He who, after initiating, teaches the Veda is called the Ācārya.’

Prominent acharyas in the Hindu tradition are as given below :

• Adi Sankaracharya^[7]
• Ramanujacharya^[8]
• Madhvacharya^[9]
• Nimbarkacharya^[10]
• Vallabhacharya
• Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
• Acharya Sandipani

Buddhism

In Buddhism, an ācārya (Pali: ācariya) is a senior teacher or master. In Theravada it is sometimes used as a title of address for Buddhist monks who have passed ten vassas. In Thai, the term is ajahn, and in Japanese, it is ajari.

In Vajrayana Buddhism, tantric masters are known as vajrācāryas (Tibetan: dorje lopön; Jp. "kongō ajari" 金剛阿闍梨).

In Jainism

See main article: Acharya (Jainism).

In Jainism, an acharya is the highest leader of a Jain order. Acharya is one of the Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (five supreme beings) and thus worthy of worship. They are the final authority in the monastic order and have the authority to ordain new monks and nuns. They also have the authority to consecrate new idols, though they occasionally appoint scholars to carry out this duty.

An acharya, like any other Jain monk, is expected to wander except for the Chaturmas. Bhaṭṭārakas, who head institutions, are technically junior monks, and thus permitted to stay in the same place.

In scientific/mathematical scholarship

• Bhaskaracharya
• Mahaviracharya
• Bhaskaracharya I

Acharya (degree)

In Sanskrit institutions, acharya is a post-graduate degree.^[11]

See also

• Srikanta Acharya

External links

• Scriptural References to 'acharya'
• Jain Monks, Statesmen and Aryikas Dr. K. C. Jain

Notes and References

1. Web site: Acharya - Quick search results | Oxford English Dictionary.
2. Book: Platts, John T.. A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. W. H. Allen & Co.. London. 1884. https://archive.today/20120707142932/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1246.platts. dead. 7 July 2012.
3. Book: Vinod Singh. Higher Education for Sustainable Development and Millennium Development Goals. 1 October 2018. CCLP Worldwide. 978-93-5321-685-6. 282–. The role of Guru or Acharya was also very significant in this traditional education system. The word 'Acharya' can be derived as 'Acharam Grahayati Acharam Dadati Iti Va'. It means- Acharya or teacher is that who teaches good behavior to his pupils.
4. Book: Ram Nath Sharma. Rajendra Kumar Sharma. History of Education in India. 1996. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 978-81-7156-599-3. 35–.
5. Book: Suhas Chatterjee. Indian Civilization and Culture. 1998. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.. 978-81-7533-083-2. 273–.
6. Web site: www.wisdomlib.org . 2016-09-04 . Manusmriti Verse 2.140 [Meaning of the Title 'Ācārya'] ]. 2024-05-09 . www.wisdomlib.org . en.
7. viswakarma community
8. He propagated the bhakti of Bhagwan Vishnu. Source: Ramanujacharya
9. His philosophy is called dvaita vad. His primary teaching is that "the only goal of a soul is to selflessly and wholeheartedly love and surrender to God" Source: http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/articles/70_saints_acharyas.htm
10. His writings say that Radha Krishna are the supreme form of God.
11. Web site: Nandan Mishra vs University Of Delhi & Ors on 12 May, 2015. indiankanoon.org. 2017-09-18.