| Álvaro Cunhal | |
| Term Start: | 9 June 1983 |
| Term End: | 6 November 1985 |
| Primeminister: | Mário Soares |
| Predecessor: | Mário Soares |
| Successor: | António Macedo --> |
| Office1: | Minister without Portfolio |
| Term Start1: | 16 May 1974 |
| Term End1: | 8 August 1975 |
| Primeminister1: | Adelino da Palma Carlos Vasco Gonçalves |
| Predecessor1: | Office established |
| Successor1: | Jorge Campinos (politician) |
| Office2: | General Secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party |
| Term Start2: | 31 March 1961 |
| Term End2: | 5 December 1992 |
| Predecessor2: | Bento Gonçalves |
| Successor2: | Carlos Carvalhas |
| Term Start3: | 3 June 1976 |
| Term End3: | 12 August 1987 |
| Constituency3: | Lisbon |
| Birth Name: | Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal |
| Birth Date: | 10 November 1913 |
| Birth Place: | Coimbra, Portugal |
| Death Place: | Lisbon, Portugal |
| Party: | Portuguese Communist Party (1931–2005) |
| Partner: | Isaura Moreira (1960–1965) |
| Children: | Ana Cunhal |
| Alma Mater: | University of Lisbon |
Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (pronounced as /pt/; 10 November 1913 – 13 June 2005) was a Portuguese communist revolutionary and politician. He was one of the major opponents of the dictatorial regime of the Estado Novo. He served as secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) from 1961 to 1992.[1]
Arrested in 1940 and subjected to torture, he resumed the struggle as soon as he was released, after a few months' imprisonment. He took part in the reorganization of the PCP in 1940-1941. From 1941 to 1949, Cunhal lived "underground" and became the de facto party leader. Arrested by the PIDE in 1949, he remained in prison for 11 years until a spectacular escape from the seaside Peniche Fortress prison in 1960. After the overthrow of the dictatorship on April 25, 1974, he was a minister in several provisional governments; he was elected deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1975 and deputy to the Assembly of the Republic from 1976.
Cunhal was born in Coimbra, the third child of Avelino Henriques da Costa Cunhal (Seia, Seia, 28 October 1887 - Coimbra, Sé Nova, 19 December 1966) and wife (m. Coimbra, Sé Nova, 22 August 1908) Mercedes Simões Ferreira Barreirinhas (Coimbra, Sé Nova, 5 May 1888 - Lisbon, 12 September 1971). His father was a lawyer in Coimbra and Seia, and later on in Lisbon, and came from a family of rural bourgeoisie, related to a rich and more aristocratic family, the Cunhal Patrício. His mother was a devout Catholic who wished her son had also become one. He also studied Law at the University of Lisbon, where he joined the Portuguese Communist Party in 1931. The deaths of his younger sister Maria Mansueta Barrerinhas Cunhal (Coimbra – Seia, 13 January 1921) and of his older brother António José Barreirinhas Cunhal (Coimbra, 1910 - Lisbon, 1932) struck the grief of both his parents and brothers, but specially of his mother and Álvaro, of whom they had always been close. He visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1935 to attend the Seventh World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. He joined the Central Committee of the party in 1936. His first arrest occurred in 1937, at the age of 23.
While in prison, Cunhal submitted his final thesis on the topic of abortion and obtained his law degree (the jury included future Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, who would later replace Salazar). In his thesis, Cunhal supports the legalization of abortion in Portugal, while he also scrutinised the case of abortion in the Soviet Union, who had been made legal during Vladimir Lenin rule but outlawed once again by Stalin, in 1936 (which Cunhal supported, claiming abortion was not practised anymore in the Soviet Union), highlighting the dangers and societal costs of illegal abortions in his country and exploring the reasons that led women to decide to end their pregnancy.[2] He then taught for some months at the Colégio Moderno, in Lisbon. Among his pupils was the future President of Portugal, Mário Soares, who would become one of his great political rivals after the revolution of 1974.From 1941 to 1949, Cunhal lived "underground" and became the de facto party leader. Arrested by the PIDE in 1949, he remained in prison for 11 years until a spectacular escape from the seaside Peniche Fortress prison in 1960. The government of António Salazar claimed that a Soviet submarine was near the Peniche coast waiting for Cunhal. In 1961, Cunhal was elected as the party's secretary-general, following the death of Bento Gonçalves in the political prisoners colony of Tarrafal in Cape Verde. Cunhal lived in exile in Moscow, where his daughter Ana Cunhal was born on December 25, 1960, and Paris until the Carnation Revolution of April 1974.
Back in Portugal, Cunhal took charge of the newly-legalized Portuguese Communist Party and led the party through the political upheavals which followed the revolution. He was minister without portfolio in several of the provisional governments which followed the revolution of 1974. A faction of army officers seen as aligned with the party dominated the post-revolutionary provisional governments, with the pro-communist prime minister Vasco Gonçalves leading four provisional governments, which brought accusations that the party was attempting to take power via the military. Cunhal was largely responsible for the party's hardline attitude, particularly its hostility towards the Socialist Party led by Soares, which prevented the formation of a united left.
Cunhal left his office in 1992. He was succeeded by Carlos Carvalhas, but his voice remained important in the following years, and he consistently sided with the party's most orthodox wing. He also revealed that under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago he had been the author of several neo-realistic novels. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility for the arts, as was also shown by his translation of King Lear by Shakespeare (edited in his last years, and originally written under the female pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa).
Álvaro Cunhal died in Lisbon in 2005, after several years out of the public eye. His funeral took place on 15 June in Lisbon and was attended by more than 250,000 people.[3] [4]
His only remaining sister Maria Eugénia Cunhal (Lisbon, 17 January 1927 – 10 December 2015) had also been a lifelong party militant. She married in Lisbon on 21 May 1949 the medical doctor Fernando Manuel da Rocha de Medina (Lisbon, 15 March 1924 – Lisbon, 9 September 1965), half-cousin of Ambassador Rui Eduardo Barbosa de Medina, and left four children.
See main article: 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Mário Soares || 2,162,972 || 37.9 || 116 |-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PPD| align=left |Francisco Sá Carneiro || 1,507,282 || 26.4 || 81 |-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| PCP| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 711,935 || 12.5 || 30 |-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Diogo Freitas do Amaral || 434,879 || 7.6 || 16 |-| style="background:darkred;"|| align="left"| MDP/CDE| align=left |Francisco Pereira de Moura || 236,318 || 4.1 || 5|-| style="background:red;"|| align="left"| FSP| align=left |Manuel Serra || 66,307 || 1.2 || 0|-| style="background:red;"|| align="left"| MES| align=left |Afonso de Barros || 58,248 || 1.0 || 0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 137,213 || 2.4 || 2|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 396,675 || 7.0 || – |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,711,829 || 91.66 || 250|-| colspan="6" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[5] |}
See main article: 1976 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Mário Soares || 1,912,921 || 34.9 || 107 || style="color:red;"| –9|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PPD| align=left |Francisco Sá Carneiro || 1,335,381 || 24.4 || 73 || style="color:red;"| –8|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Diogo Freitas do Amaral || 876,007 || 16.0 || 42 || style="color:green;"| +26|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| PCP| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 788,830 || 14.4 || 40 || style="color:green;"| +10|-| style="background:#E2062C;"|| align="left"| UDP| align=left |Mário Tomé || 91,690 || 1.7 || 1 || ±0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 220,936 || 4.0 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 257,696 || 2.7 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,483,461 || 83.53 || 263 || style="color:green;"| +13|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[6] |}
See main article: 1979 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:#2A52BE;"|| align="left"|AD| align=left |Francisco Sá Carneiro || 2,719,208 || 45.3 || 128 || style="color:green;"| +13|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Mário Soares || 1,642,136 || 27.3 || 74 || style="color:red;"| –33|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| APU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 1,129,322 || 18.8 || 47 || style="color:green;"| +7|-| style="background:#E2062C;"|| align="left"| UDP| align=left |Mário Tomé || 130,842 || 2.2 || 1 || ±0|-| style="background:darkolivegreen;"|| align="left"| PDC| align=left |José Sanches Osório || 72,514 || 1.2 || 0 || ±0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 149,717 || 2.5 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 163,714 || 2.7 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 6,007,453 || 82.86 || 250 || style="color:red;"| –13|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[7] |}
See main article: 1980 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:#2A52BE;"|| align="left"|AD| align=left |Francisco Sá Carneiro || 2,868,076 || 47.6 || 134 || style="color:green;"| +6|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Mário Soares || 1,673,279 || 27.8 || 74 || ±0|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| APU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 1,009,505 || 16.8 || 41 || style="color:red;"| –6|-| style="background:#E2062C;"|| align="left"| UDP| align=left |Mário Tomé || 83,204 || 1.4 || 1 || ±0|-| style="background:red;"|| align="left"| POUS| align=left |Carmelinda Pereira || 83,095 || 1.4 || 0 || ±0|-| style="background:#780000;"|| align="left"| PSR| align=left |– || 60,496 || 1.0 || 0 || ±0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 111,078 || 1.8 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 137,692 || 2.3 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 6,026,395 || 83.94 || 250 || ±0|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[8] |}
See main article: 1983 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Mário Soares || 2,061,309 || 36.1 || 101 || style="color:green;"| +35|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PSD| align=left |Carlos Mota Pinto || 1,554,804 || 27.2 || 75 || style="color:red;"| –7|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| APU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 1,031,609 || 18.1 || 44 || style="color:green;"| +3|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Lucas Pires || 716,705 || 12.6 || 30 || style="color:red;"| –16|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 196,498 || 3.4 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 146,770 || 2.6 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,707,695 || 77.79 || 263 || style="color:green;"| ±0|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[9] |}
See main article: 1985 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PSD| align=left |Aníbal Cavaco Silva || 1,732,288 || 29.9 || 88 || style="color:green;"| +13|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Almeida Santos || 1,204,321 || 20.8 || 57 || style="color:red;"| –44|-| style="background:green;"|| align="left"| PRD| align=left |Hermínio Martinho || 1,038,893 || 17.9 || 45 || new|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| APU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 898,281 || 15.5 || 38 || style="color:red;"| –6|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Lucas Pires || 577,580 || 10.0 || 22 || style="color:red;"| –8|-| style="background:#E2062C;"|| align="left"| UDP| align=left |Mário Tomé || 73,401 || 1.3 || 0 || ±0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 128,846 || 2.2 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 145,319 || 2.5 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,798,929 || 74.16 || 250 || ±0|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[10] |}
See main article: 1987 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PSD| align=left |Aníbal Cavaco Silva || 2,850,784 || 50.2 || 148 || style="color:green;"| +60|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Vítor Constâncio || 1,262,506 || 22.2 || 60 || style="color:green;"| +3|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 689,137 || 12.1 || 31 || style="color:red;"| –7|-| style="background:green;"|| align="left"| PRD| align=left |António Ramalho Eanes || 278,561 || 4.9 || 7 || style="color:red;"| –38|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Adriano Moreira || 251,987 || 4.4 || 4 || style="color:red;"| –18|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 219,715 || 3.9 || 0 || ±0|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 123,668 || 2.2 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,676,358 || 71.57 || 250 || ±0|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[11] |}
See main article: 1991 Portuguese legislative election. |-! colspan="2" | Party! Candidate! Votes! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/−|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PSD| align=left |Aníbal Cavaco Silva || 2,902,351 || 50.6 || 135 || style="color:red;"| –13|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"|PS| align=left |Jorge Sampaio || 1,670,758 || 29.1 || 72 || style="color:green;"| +12|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDU| align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 504,583 || 8.8 || 17 || style="color:red;"| –14|-| style="background:;"|| align="left"| CDS| align=left |Diogo Freitas do Amaral || 254,317 || 4.4 || 5 || style="color:green;"| +1|-| style="background:#000080;"|| align="left"| PSN| align=left |Manuel Sérgio || 96,096 || 1.6 || 1 || new|-| style="background:red;"|| align="left"| PSR| align=left |Francisco Louçã || 64,159 || 1.1 || 0 || ±0|-| style="background:white;"|| colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties| 132,495 || 2.3 || 0 || style="color:red;"| –7|-| colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 110,672 || 1.9 || – || –|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout| 5,735,431 || 67.78 || 230 || style="color:red;"| –20|-| colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[12] |}
Cunhal was also a fiction writer, with several novels under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago, which he recognized as his own only in 1995. He also made the drawings for the original edition of Soeiro Pereira Gomes' book Esteiros. He published the following books under the pseudonym of Manuel Tiago:
All the above titles have appeared in English, translated by Eric A. Gordon, published by International Publishers. In the same order: