| B | |
| Letter: | B b |
| Script: | Latin script English alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet |
| Type: | Alphabet |
| Typedesc: | ic |
| Language: | Latin language |
| Phonemes: | (Adapted variations) |
| Unicode: | U+0042, U+0062 |
| Alphanumber: | 2 |
| Number: | 2 |
| Fam1: | |
| Fam6: | Β β |
| Usageperiod: | unknown to present |
| Associates: | bv bh bp bm bf |
| Direction: | Left-to-right |
B, or b, is the second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is bee (pronounced), plural bees.
It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.
By Byzantine times, the Greek letter came to be pronounced /v/,[1] so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written Greek, Modern (1453-);: βήτα). The Cyrillic letter ve represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be was developed to represent the Slavic languages' /b/.[1] (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster, mp.)
Old English was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' either directly or via Latin .
The uncial and half-uncial introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' . These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter . Around 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.
| (Pinyin) | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|---|---|
| English | pronounced as /link/ | |
| French | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | |
| German | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | |
| pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Spanish | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Turkish | pronounced as /link/ |
In English, (b) denotes the voiced bilabial stop pronounced as //b//, as in bib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in, such as lamb and bomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The in debt, doubt, subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century as an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).
As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with (bh), (p), (f) or (φ) instead.[1] For example, compare the various cognates of the word brother. It is the seventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 1.5% in words.
Many other languages besides English use (b) to represent a voiced bilabial stop.
In Estonian, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Mandarin Chinese Pinyin, (b) does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless pronounced as //p// that contrasts with either a geminated pronounced as //pː// (in Estonian) or an aspirated pronounced as //ph// (in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Pinyin) represented by . In Fijian (b) represents a prenasalised pronounced as //mb//, whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive pronounced as //ɓ//, in contrast to the digraph (bh) which represents pronounced as //b//. Finnish uses (b) only in loanwords.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).
See main article: B (disambiguation).
Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, Latin beta in linguistics, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek homoglyphs of the Latin (B) have separate encodings: and .