| Ipa Symbol: | ʁ |
| Ipa Number: | 143 |
| Decimal1: | 641 |
| X-Sampa: | R |
| Braille2: | 3456 |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0281.svg |
| Above: | Voiced uvular approximant |
| Ipa Symbol: | ʁ̞ |
| Ipa Number: | 144 |
| X-Sampa: | R_o |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0281+0x031E.svg |
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (IPA|ʁ), an inverted small uppercase letter (IPA|ʀ), or in broad transcription (IPA|r) if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.
The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as (IPA|ʁ). Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: (IPA|ʁ̞), though some writings[1] use a superscript (IPA|ʶ), which is not an official IPA practice.
For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:
In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.
In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,[2] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon,[3] and Yiddish. However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative (pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/), voiceless uvular fricative pronounced as /[χ]/, or glottal transition (pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use (r) to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.
note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."
It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazian: [[Abkhaz alphabet|цы'''ҕ''']] Abkhazian: cëğ | pronounced as /[tsəʁ]/ | 'marten' | See Abkhaz phonology | |||
| Adyghe; Adygei: [[Cyrillic script|ты'''гъ'''э]] / Adyghe; Adygei: të'''ğ'''a / Adyghe; Adygei: تہ'''غ'''ە | 'sun' | |||||
| Afrikaans: '''r'''ooi|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁoːi̯]/ | 'red' | May be a trill pronounced as /link/ instead. See Afrikaans phonology | |||
| Albanian | ArbëreshSome Moresian accents | vëlla | [vʁa] | 'brother' | May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects. | |
| Atkan dialect | Aleut: cham'''ĝ'''ul | pronounced as /[tʃɑmʁul]/ | 'to wash' | |||
| [[Arabic alphabet|غرفة]]|rtl=yes ġurfa | pronounced as /[ˈʁʊrfɐ]/ | 'room' | Mostly transcribed as pronounced as //ɣ//, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect. See Arabic phonology | |||
| Archi[4] | [[Cyrillic script|'''гъӀ'''абос]] ġabos | pronounced as /[ʁˤabos]/[5] | 'croak' | |||
| Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''ղ'''եկ]] | 'rudder' | |||||
| Most common allophone of pronounced as //g//. May be an approximant.[6] [7] | ||||||
| Avar | Avaric: [[Cyrillic script|тIа'''гъ'''ур]] / Avaric: tha'''ġ'''ur / Avaric: طا'''غ'''ۇر | pronounced as /[tʼaˈʁur]/ | 'cap' | |||
| Bashkir: [[:wikt:туғыҙ|ту'''ғ'''ыҙ]] / Bashkir: tu'''ğ'''ïð / Bashkir: تو'''ع'''ئذ | 'nine' | |||||
| Basque | Northern dialects | Basque: [[Basque alphabet|u'''rr'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[uʁe]/ | 'gold' | ||
| '''r'''elkɨsh | pronounced as /[ʁəlkɪʃ]/ | 'he walks' | ||||
| Standard | Danish: [[Danish alphabet|'''r'''ød]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]/ | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial. In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless pronounced as /link/) or an approximant. Also described as pharyngeal pronounced as /link/. It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word. See Danish phonology | ||
| Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|'''r'''ad]] | pronounced as /[ʁɑt]/ | 'wheel' | Either a fricative or an approximant. Realization of pronounced as //r// varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |||
| Central Netherlands | ||||||
| East Flanders | ||||||
| Northern Netherlands | ||||||
| Randstad | ||||||
| Southern Netherlands | ||||||
| English: [[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁɛd]/ | 'red' | Not all speakers. Alveolar in other Welsh accents. | |||
| Gwynedd | ||||||
| Corresponds to pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɻ}}]/ in other dialects of English in Ireland. | ||||||
| Described both as a fricative and an approximant. More rarely it is a trill pronounced as /link/. Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr. | ||||||
| More rarely a trill pronounced as /link/. | ||||||
| French: [[French orthography|'''r'''ester]]|italic=yes | 'to stay' | See French phonology | ||||
| paris | 'Paris' | Allophone of /r/ before /a/ and after /i/. | ||||
| German: [[German orthography|'''R'''ost]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁɔstʰ]/ | 'rust' | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology | |||
| Lower Rhine | ||||||
| Swabian[8] | pronounced as /[ʁ̞oʃt]/ | An approximant. It is the realization of pronounced as //ʁ// in onsets, otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant. | ||||
| Gondi | Hill-Maṛia | Gondi: pār̥- | pronounced as /[paːʁ-]/ | 'to sing' | Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects. | |
| Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|עוֹ'''רֵ'''ב]] | pronounced as /[ʔoˈʁ̞ev]/ | 'crow' | See Modern Hebrew phonology.[9] | |||
| East Inuktitut dialect | Aleut: ma'''rr'''uuk | pronounced as /[mɑʁːuːk]/ | 'two' | |||
| Some speakers | Italian: [[Italian orthography|'''r'''a'''r'''o]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʁäːʁo]/ | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill pronounced as /link/, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill pronounced as /link/ or a labiodental approximant pronounced as /link/. See Italian phonology. | ||
| Kabardian | Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|б'''гъ'''э]] / Kabardian: b'''ğ'''a / Kabardian: ب'''غ'''ە | 'eagle' | ||||
| Kabyle | Kabyle: [[Tifinagh|'''ⴱⴻ'''ⵖ]] Kabyle: [[Berber Latin alphabet|bbe'''ɣ''']] Kabyle: [[Berber Arabic alphabet|بغ]] | pronounced as /[bːəʁ]/ | 'to dive' | |||
| Kazakh | Kazakh: [[Kazakh alphabets|са'''ғ'''ан]] / Kazakh: sa'''ğ'''an / Kazakh: سا'''ع'''ان | pronounced as /[sɑˈʁɑn]/ | 'to you' | |||
| Kyrgyz | Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: [[Cyrillic script|жам'''г'''ыр]] / Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: cam'''ğ'''ır' / Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: جام'''ع'''ىر | pronounced as /[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]/ | 'rain' | |||
| Lakota | a'''ǧ'''úyapi | pronounced as /[aʁʊjapɪ]/ | 'bread' | |||
| Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: d'''r'''ei | pronounced as /[dʀ̝ɛi̯]/ | 'three' | Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology | |||
| Weert dialect | Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: d'''r'''ej | pronounced as /[dʀ̝æj]/ | ||||
| Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch: Pa'''r'''mesan|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]/ | 'Parmesan' | Appears as an allophone of pronounced as //ʀ// between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of pronounced as //ʁ// between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of pronounced as //ʀ// (in a complementary distribution with pronounced as /link/), also where it is trilled in the standard language. See Luxembourgish phonology | |||
| Perak dialect | Perak | pronounced as /[peʁɑk̚]/ | 'Perak' | See Malay phonology | ||
| पोग़े | pronounced as /[poʁe]/ | 'smoke' | ||||
| Kampar dialect | bareh | pronounced as /[baʁeh]/ | 'rice' | |||
| Norwegian: '''r'''a'''r'''|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]/ | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology | |||
| Southwestern dialects | ||||||
| Toba qom | Takshek dialect | Awo | [awoʁojk] | 'moon' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | Some speakers | вара | [waʁa] | 'goose' | ||
| Ossetic | Iron | æгъгъæд æğğæd | pronounced as /[ˈəʁːəd]/ | 'enough' | ||
| Portuguese | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈkaʁu]/ | 'car' | |||
| Setubalense[10] | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''u'''r'''aliza'''r''']]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ]/ | 'to ruralize' | Outcome of a merger of pronounced as //ɾ// with pronounced as //ʁ//, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead. | ||
| Fluminense[11] | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''dência]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]/ | 'burning feeling' | Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda pronounced as /link/ into pronounced as //ʁ//.[12] Often trilled. In free variation with pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ before voiced sounds, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ before voiceless consonants | ||
| Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|a'''rr'''oz]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɐˈʁos]/ | 'rice' | ||||
| Spanish | Puerto Rican | Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈkaʁo]/ | 'car' | Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') pronounced as //r// are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. pronounced as /link/. | |
| As spoken in Asturias | pronounced as /[ʁ̞uˈsano]/ | 'worm' | Most common allophone of pronounced as //g//. May also be an approximant. | |||
| Southern dialects | Swedish: '''r'''ö'''r''' | pronounced as /[ʁɶʁ]/ | 'pipe(s)' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Tatar | Tatar: [[Cyrillic script|яң'''г'''ыр]], Tatar: yañ'''ğ'''ır, Tatar: ياڭ'''گ'''ئر | pronounced as /[jɒŋˈʁɯr]/ | 'rain' | |||
| Turkmen: a'''ɡ'''yr / Turkmen: آ'''غ'''یٛر | pronounced as /[ɑɡɨɾ]/ | 'heavy' | An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels | |||
| Tsez | агъи aɣi | pronounced as /[ˈʔaʁi]/ | 'bird' | |||
| pronounced as /[ʁa]/ | 'his' | Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology | ||||
| ئۇيغۇر / Uighur; Uyghur: Уй'''ғ'''ур | pronounced as /[ʊjʁʊr]/ | 'Uyghur' | ||||
| Uzbek: [[Uzbek alphabet|o'''gʻ'''ir]] / Uzbek: о'''ғ'''ир / Uzbek: [[Southern Uzbek language|اۉ'''غ'''یر]] | pronounced as /[ɒˈʁɨr]/ | 'heavy' | ||||
| onde'''r''' | pronounced as /[ˈuŋəʀ̝]/ | 'under' | A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar pronounced as /link/ is used in the neighbouring rural area. | |||
| Yakut | Yakut: [[Yakut scripts|то'''ҕ'''ус]] Yakut: to'''ğ'''us | pronounced as /[toʁus]/ | 'nine' | |||
| Yi | Ғңыңə Ğņyņə | [ʁñêñĕ] | 'twenty' | An fricative or approximant. | ||
pronounced as /navigation/