The (in Dutch; Flemish pronounced as /ət ˈkɔfsxɪp/, the merchant-ship), t fokschaap (the breeding sheep), also often referred to as kofschiptaxi or soft ketchup (among foreign language learners),[1] rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule should not be confused with the so-called T-rules (t-regels).
The rule goes as follows:
For example:
| Infinitive | Verb root | Past tense | Past participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rusten "to rest" | rust- | rustte(n) | gerust | |
| werken "to work" | werk- | werkte(n) | gewerkt | |
| kloppen "to knock" | klop- | klopte(n) | geklopt | |
| landen "to land" | land- | landde(n) | geland | |
| legen "to empty" | leeg- | leegde(n) | geleegd | |
| redden "to save" | red- | redde(n) | gered | |
| spelen "to play" | speel- | speelde(n) | gespeeld | |
| leren "to learn/teach" | leer- | leerde(n) | geleerd | |
| proeven "to taste" | proev- | proefde(n) | geproefd | |
| blozen "to blush" | blooz- | bloosde(n) | gebloosd | |
| bingoën "to play bingo" | bingoo- | bingode(n) | gebingood |
Because of the idiosyncrasies of Dutch spelling, some forms are spelled in unexpected ways. The past tense forms of proeven and blozen are written with f and s, as Dutch spelling rules permit the letters v and z only at the beginning of a syllable; however the pronunciation remains pronounced as //v// and pronounced as //z//. Words may not end in a double consonant, so the past participles gerust, geland and gered do not get an additional -d. See Dutch orthography for more information.
Because of regular final-obstruent devoicing, the past participle ending is pronounced with a voiceless pronounced as //t// even though d is spelled. When the participle is inflected (in accordance with a following noun), the devoicing is undone, like in other words. Thus geland pronounced as //ɣəˈlɑnt//, geleegd pronounced as //ɣəˈleːxt//, geproefd pronounced as //ɣəˈpruft// inflect to gelande pronounced as //ɣəˈlɑndə//, geleegde pronounced as //ɣəˈleːɣdə//, geproefde pronounced as //ɣəˈpruvdə// respectively.
On a phonological level, the rule is a form of voicing assimilation: the consonant of the past-tense ending takes on the voicing of whatever sound precedes it. Thus, the endings beginning with voiceless -t- are used after voiceless consonants, while the endings beginning with voiced -d- are used after voiced consonants and vowels (which are always voiced). Similar rules appear in several other Germanic languages, such as Swedish and English. In English, the rule is not usually reflected in spelling, but is still regular in pronunciation: compare raced pronounced as //ɹeɪst// and razed pronounced as //ɹeɪzd//.
Because the rule is intended only as an educational tool, it only covers the basic Dutch vocabulary which consists mostly of native Germanic verbs. It cannot be applied to verbs with "new" phonemes such as pronounced as //ʃ// and pronounced as //ʒ//, nor to foreign words whose spelling was not completely adapted to Dutch spelling. It also cannot be used for initialisms. In these cases, only the underlying voicing of the pronounced final consonant can be used to determine the ending. For example:
| Infinitive | Inf. pronunc. | Verb root | Past tense | Past pronunc. | Past participle | Past ptc. pronunc. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faxen "to fax" | pronounced as //ˈfɑksə(n)// | fax- | faxte(n) | pronounced as //ˈfɑkstə(n)// | gefaxt | pronounced as //ɣəˈfɑkst// | |
| timen "to time" | pronounced as //ˈtɑimə(n)// | time- | timede(n) | pronounced as //ˈtɑimdə(n)// | getimed | pronounced as //ɣəˈtɑimt// | |
| racen "to race" | pronounced as //ˈreːsə(n)// | race- | racete(n) | pronounced as //ˈreːstə(n)// | geracet | pronounced as //ɣəˈreːst// | |
| deleten "to delete" | pronounced as //diˈliːtə(n)// | delete- | deletete(n) | pronounced as //diˈliːtə(n)// | gedeletet | pronounced as //ɣədiˈliːt// | |
| roetsjen "to whizz" | pronounced as //ˈrutʃə(n)// | roetsj- | roetsjte(n) | pronounced as //ˈrutʃtə(n)// | geroetsjt | pronounced as //ɣəˈrutʃt// | |
| crashen "to crash" | pronounced as //ˈkrɛʃə(n)// | crash- | crashte(n) | pronounced as //ˈkrɛʃtə(n)// | gecrasht | pronounced as //ɣəˈkrɛʃt// | |
| managen "to manage" | pronounced as //ˈmɛnədʒə(n)// | manage- | managede(n) | pronounced as //ˈmɛnədʒdə(n)// | gemanaged | pronounced as //ɣəˈmɛnətʃt// | |
| petanquen "to play pétanque" | pronounced as //peːˈtɑŋkə(n)// | petanque- | petanquete(n) | pronounced as //peːˈtɑŋktə(n)// | gepetanquet | pronounced as //ɣəpeːˈtɑŋkt// | |
| sms'en "to send a text message" | pronounced as //ɛsɛmˈɛsə(n)// | sms'- | sms'te(n) | pronounced as //ɛsɛmˈɛstə(n)// | ge-sms't | pronounced as //ɣə(ʔ)ɛsɛmˈɛst// | |
| gsm'en "to phone using a mobile phone" | pronounced as //ɣeːɛsˈɛmə(n)// | gsm'- | gsm'de(n) | pronounced as //ɣeːɛsˈɛmdə(n)// | ge-gsm'd | pronounced as //ɣəɣeːɛsˈɛmt// | |
| cc'en "to CC (an email)" | pronounced as //seːˈseːə(n)// | cc'- | cc'de(n) | pronounced as //seːˈseːdə(n)// | ge-cc'd | pronounced as //ɣəseːˈseːt// |
Also as: Noordegraaf. Jan. Reilen en zeilen van 't kofschip. Onze Taal. 1983. 10. 125. Dutch.